Biomarkers and Mental Illness It s Not All in the Mind 1st Edition by Paul Guest 3319460888 9783319460888

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ISBN-10 :  3319460888 

ISBN-13 : 9783319460888

Author: Paul C. Guest 

Employing accessible language throughout, this book covers the history of psychiatric research, the current state-of-the art in psychiatric practice, the physiological systems affected by psychiatric illnesses, the whole-body nature of these diseases and the impact that this aspect has on emerging biomarker discoveries.  Further, it provides descriptions of the major specific psychiatric disorders and the special challenges regarding the diagnosis and treatment of each. The book concludes with insights into the latest developments in hand-held biomarker test devices, which can provide diagnostic information in less than 15 minutes in point-of-care settings. This book investigates the emerging use of biomarkers in the study of psychiatric diseases, a topic of considerable importance for a broad range of people including researchers, clinicians, psychiatrists, university students and even those whose lives are affected in some way by a psychiatric illness. The last category is hardly trivial, since a staggering one in three people worldwide show the criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder at some point in their lifetime. 

Biomarkers and Mental Illness It s Not All in the Mind 1st Table of contents:

Part I: A Brief History of Biomarkers and Mental Illness
Chapter 1: Psychiatric Disorders as “Whole Body” Diseases
A Brief History of Psychiatric Disease: The Curse of the Gods?
Is It All in the Blood or Other Body Fluids?
What Went Wrong in the Middle Ages?
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Famous People with Psychiatric Disorders
Is It All in the Mind?
The Basics: Neurotransmission
The Disconnectivity Theory of Mental Disorders
What Can We Learn About Brain Function by Studying the Serum?
Chapter 2: Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Time for a Paradigm Change?
What Is the Clinical Need?
What Is a Biomarker?
Clinical Examples
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Current Diagnostic Practices in Psychiatry
How Might Biomarkers Be Used in Psychiatry?
As an Aid to Diagnosis
Identification of Diagnostic Subgroups
Treatment Response Prediction
Helping to Redefine the Diagnostic Categories
Helping to Identify Staging of Psychiatric Diseases
What Kinds of Biomarkers Have Been Identified?
Future Prospects
Chapter 3: The Importance of Biomarkers: The Required Tools of the Trade
Why Do We Need Biomarkers in Psychiatry?
Proteomics
What Are the Main Biomarker Technologies?
Mulitplex Immunoassay
Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
Mass Spectrometry
1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Imaging Techniques
Future Prospects
Part II: Psychiatric Diseases
Chapter 4: Schizophrenia and the Mind–Body Connection
How Do We Currently Diagnose Schizophrenia?
Can This Be Improved By Incorporation of Biomarkers?
Schizophrenia Symptoms
Positive Symptoms
Negative Symptoms
Cognitive Symptoms
Diagnostic Tools
DSM
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
Brain Effects
Neurotransmitter Theories of Schizophrenia
Dopamine
Glutamate
GABA
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
The Link Between the Brain and the Periphery
Are There Any Novel Treatments on the Horizon?
Can We Improve Treatment Response of Patients Using Biomarkers?
Development of Biomarker Tests to Detect Schizophrenia Before Disease Onset
Future Prospects in Schizophrenia Research
Chapter 5: Progress for Better Treatment of Depression
Why Is It Difficult to Diagnose Depression?
Diagnostic Tools
DSM-5
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)
Why Is It So Difficult to Treat Depression?
What Is Going on in the Brains of Depressed Patients and Why Does It Take Antidepressants So 
Can We Detect Depression Using Biomarkers in the Blood?
Stress Hormones
Other Hormones
Growth Factors
Inflammation
Oxidative Stress
Can We Develop a Blood Test for Major Depressive Disorder?
Are There Any Novel Treatments on the Horizon for Depression?
Future Prospects in Depression Research
Chapter 6: The Special Case of Bipolar Disorder
What Is BD Exactly?
Diagnostic Tools
DSM-5
Young Mania Rating Scale
HAM-D
The Problem of Diagnosing Bipolar Disorder
Current Tools and Methods in BD Drug Target Discovery
How Do We Identify New Drugs for a Complicated Psychiatric Disorder Such as BD?
Animal Models
Cellular Models
What Are the Key Objectives of BD Research?
What Do Current Drugs Target in BD?
Novel Targets in BD
Neuropeptide Converting Enzymes
Inhibitors of Cell Death (Apoptosis)
NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Insulin Sensitizing Agents
Future Prospects in BD Research
Chapter 7: The Worrying Case of Anxiety and Stress-­Related Disorders
What Happens When We Get Stressed?
What Is Stress?
Diagnostic Tools
DSM-5
Beck Anxiety Inventory
Stress in Humans
Foetal Programming in Response to Stress
Behavioural and Psychological Problems Resulting from Stress
Effects of Stress on the Brain
Timing and Severity
Potential Advantages of Stress
Effects of Stress on Insulin Resistance and the HPA Axis
Biomarker Identification for Stress-Related Disorders
Therapeutic Implications
Conclusions and Future Prospects
Chapter 8: The Autism Spectrum Conditions and the Extreme Male Brain Syndrome
What Is Autism?
Diagnostic Tools
Idiopathic ASD
Symptomatic ASD
What Causes Autism?
How Is Autism Treated?
Biomarkers for Autism
Transcriptomics
Proteomics and Metabolomics
Developing New Treatments for Autism
Melatonin
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Glutamate and GABA
Oxytocin
The Future of Autism Research
Chapter 9: Gender and Psychiatric Disorders
The Effects of Gender on Disease
Are Different Biomarkers Found in Males and Females?
Are There Gender Differences in the Brain?
Do Brain Structural Differences in Males and Females Relate to Different Behaviours and Charact
Memory Encoding and Recall
Intelligence
Personality
Occupational Preferences
Sex Differences in Psychiatric Diseases
Schizophrenia
Depression
Autism
The Future: Should We Consider Sex Differences When Treating Patients with Psychiatric Disorders?
Part III: Neurodegenerative Disorders
Chapter 10: Biomarkers and New Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease
What Is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Early Stage Symptoms (2–5 Years)
Middle-Stage Symptoms (2–10 Years)
Late-Stage Symptoms (1–3 Years)
What Is Going on in the Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease?
How Is Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosed?
Famous People with Alzheimer’s Disease
How Is Alzheimer’s Disease Treated?
Known Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in Body Fluids
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Blood, Serum and Plasma
Exploring New Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease
Inhibitors of Amyloid Plaque Production
Inhibitors of Tau Tangle Formation
Inhibitors of Cholesterol Synthesis
Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Compounds
Drugs Which Target Insulin Resistance
Caffeine
Diet and Exercise
Future Directions
Chapter 11: Parkinson’s Disease, Biomarkers and Beyond
What Is Parkinson’s Disease?
How Is Dopamine Synthesized?
What Causes Parkinson’s Disease?
How Is Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosed?
Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Hoehn and Yahr Staging Scale
Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale
What Is Going on in the Brain’s of People with Parkinson’s Disease?
Famous People with Parkinson’s Disease
Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
The Need for Biomarkers
Biomarker Candidates Identified for Parkinson’s Disease
Behavioural Biomarkers
Transcranial Sonography
Genetic Biomarkers
Serum, Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers
α-Synuclein
Inflammation-Related Proteins
Novel Drug Treatment Approaches in Parkinson’s Disease
Failed Approaches
Methods that Result in Symptom Improvement
Novel Approaches to Slow or Halt Disease Progression
Future Directions
Part IV: The Future
Chapter 12: The Future: Towards Personalized Medicine
Why Do We Need Improved Technologies in the Study of Psychiatric Illnesses?
What Kind of Biomarker Tests Should Be Developed?
Clinical Impact of Biomarkers
Other Benefits: Cost Savings for the Healthcare Systems
Is There a Market for Point of Care Devices?
How the Evolution of Biosensors Has Aided Development of Point of Care Devices
e-Psychiatry
Personalized Medicine?
Targeting Insulin Resistance
Targeting Inflammation
Biomarkers for Prediction of Response
The Future
Concluding Remarks

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