How the mind comes into being 1st Edition by Martin Butz,Esther Kutter 9780198739692 0198739699

1. Embodied Cognitive Science

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Our brain controls our body

1.3 Our body controls our brain

1.4 Our body and our world shape our brain

1.5 Our brain develops for a purpose

1.6 Computational knowledge is necessary

1.7 Book overview

2. Cognitive Science is Interdisciplinary

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Philosophy

2.2.1 Epistemology and its development

Old Greek philosophy

Rationalism, empiricism, and materialism

Logical empiricism and critic of rationalism

Philosophy of science

2.2.2 Philosophy of mind

Once again the old Greeks

The homunculus problem

Qualia and consciousness

2.2.3 Philosophy of language and forms of representation

And again the old Greeks

Symbols in language

2.3 Biology

2.3.1 Neurobiology

Greek and Egyptian antiquity

Toward contemporary neuroscience

2.3.2 Evolution

2.4 Psychology

2.4.1 Behaviorism

2.4.2 Constructivism and developmental psychology

2.4.3 The cognitive turn

2.4.4 Memory

2.5 Bringing the pieces together

2.6 Exercises

3. Cognition is Embodied

3.1 Computers and intelligence

3.2 What is intelligence anyway?

3.2.1 Early conceptualizations of intelligence

3.2.2 Further differentiations of intelligence

3.3 Symbolic artificial intelligence and its limitations

3.3.1 Symbolic problem solving

3.3.2 Symbolic linguistic processing

3.4 Hard challenges for symbolic processing systems

3.4.1 Symbol grounding problem

3.4.2 Frame problem

3.4.3 Binding problem

3.5 Neural networks

3.6 Embodied intelligence

3.6.1 Embodied biological processing

How frogs distinguish prey from predators

How flies know how to maintain a safe distance

Morphological attractors in four-legged locomotion

Ants and swarm intelligence

Summary and conclusion

3.6.2 Embodied artificial intelligence

Sensorimotor interactions and behavior control loops

Subsumption architecture

Behavioral coordination and executive control

3.6.3 Embodied cognitive agents

3.7 When have we reached artificial, human cognition?

3.8 Exercises

4. Cognitive Development and Evolution

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Ontogenetic development

4.2.1 Prenatal development

From one cell to an organism

Fetal cognitive capabilities

4.2.2 Cognitive development after birth: the first few years

Motor system

Sensorimotor system

Conceptualizations

Development of item- and event-specific memory

Social cognition, imitation, and the self

4.3 Phylogenetic development and evolution

4.3.1 A brief history of evolution science

Origins of the theory of natural selection

Birth of the modern theory of evolution

4.3.2 Genetics in a nutshell

4.3.3 Evolutionary mechanisms

4.4 Evolutionary computation

4.4.1 Basic components of evolutionary computation algorithms

Encoding and initialization of population

Evaluation

Selection

Genotype variations

Mutation

Recombination

4.4.2 When do evolutionary algorithms work?

Schema theory

Evolutionary discovery of new building blocks

Overall considerations

4.5 What can we learn from evolution?

4.6 Exercises

5. Behavior is Reward-oriented

5.1 Introduction and overview

5.2 Reinforcement learning in psychology

5.3 Reinforcement learning

5.3.1 RL problem

Markov decision process

Behavioral policy

Optimal behavioral policy

5.3.2 Temporal difference learning

Q-learning

Q-learning example

5.3.3 Speeding up temporal difference learning

Eligibility traces

Model-based RL

Hierarchical RL

Partial observability and state factorization

5.3.4 Behavioral strategies

5.3.5 Actor-critic approaches

5.4 Policy gradients

5.4.1 Formalization of policy gradients

5.4.2 Gradient estimation techniques

5.4.3 A racing car example

5.4.4 Conclusions and relations to cognition and behavior

5.5 Exercises

6. Behavioral Flexibility and Anticipatory Behavior

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Flexibility and adaptivity

6.2.1 Niches and natural diversity

6.2.2 Beyond behaviorism

6.2.3 Redundancies and complements

Redundant and complementary perceptions

Redundant and complementary motor activities

6.3 Sensorimotor learning and adaptation

6.4 Anticipatory behavior

6.4.1 Forward anticipatory behavior

Reafference principle

Adaptive filtering

Anticipatory behavioral adaptation

6.4.2 Inverse anticipatory behavior

Anticipatory learning

6.5 Motivations and curiosity

6.5.1 Intrinsic reward

6.5.2 Extrinsic reward and motivations

6.6 Summary and outlook

6.7 Exercises

7 Brain Basics from a Computational Perspective

7.1 Introduction and overview

7.2 The nervous system

7.3 Brain anatomy

7.3.1 Neurons and neural information processing

7.3.2 Modules and areas

7.3.3 Basic brain and body maintenance

7.4 General organizational principles

7.4.1 Function-oriented mappings

7.4.2 Cortical columns and topographies

7.4.3 Neural tuning and coordinated communication

7.5 Brain mechanisms and brain imaging

7.5.1 Brain lesion studies

7.5.2 Active methods

7.5.3 Passive methods

7.5.4 Summary

7.6 Summary and conclusions

8. Primary Visual Perception from the Bottom Up

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Light and reflections

8.3 The eye

8.4 Visual processing pathways

8.5 Redundant and complementary visual processing

8.5.1 Receptive fields, columns, and hypercolumns

8.5.2 Smoothing

8.5.3 Edge detection

8.5.4 Motion detection

8.5.5 Integrating edge information

8.5.6 Further sources of visual information

8.6 Summary and conclusions

8.7 Exercises

9. Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Top-down predictive, generative models

9.3 Bayesian information processing

9.3.1 Probability theory: a short introduction

9.3.2 A simple example

9.3.3 Bayesian networks

9.3.4 Probability distributions and densities

9.4 A Bayesian model of visual processing

9.5 Visual illusions

9.6 Summary

9.7 Exercises

10. Multisensory Interactions

10.1 Introduction and overview

10.2 Body-relative spaces

10.2.1 Redundant, body-relative, multisensory spaces

10.2.2 Simple population encoding in a locust

10.2.3 Learning peripersonal spaces

10.2.4 Optimal information fusion

10.2.5 Spatial, topology-preserving transformations

10.3 Multisensory recognition

10.3.1 Object recognition

10.3.2 Behavior recognition

10.4 Cognitive maps

10.4.1 Hippocampus and episodic memory

10.4.2 Behavior-oriented cognitive map

10.5 Summary and conclusions

10.6 Exercises

11. Attention

11.1 Introduction and overview

11.2 Top-down and bottom-up attention

11.3 Phenomena of attention

11.3.1 Visual search

11.3.2 Attention over time

11.3.3 Change blindness and inattentional blindness

11.3.4 Other attentional capabilities

11.4 Models of attention

11.4.1 Qualitative models of attention

Controlled parallel scheme

Feature integration theory

Integrated competition hypothesis

11.4.2 Bundesen’s theory of visual attention

11.4.3 Saliency maps and eye saccades

11.4.4 Dynamic neural fields of attention

11.5 Summary and outlook

11.6 Exercises

12. Decision Making, Control, and Concept Formation

12.1 Introduction and overview

12.2 Compositional motor control in the brain

12.2.1 Muscles and the spinal cord

12.2.2 Motorcortex and beyond

12.3 Computational motor control

12.3.1 Models of online motor control

12.3.2 Models of decision making

12.3.3 Action and motor control components

12.3.4 Decision making components

12.4 Event-oriented conceptualizations

12.4.1 Events and event segmentations

12.4.2 Event taxonomy

12.4.3 Event conceptualizations and abstractions

12.5 Summary and conclusions

12.6 Exercises

13. Language, Concepts, and Abstract Thought

13.1 Introduction and overview

13.2 Introduction to linguistics

13.2.1 Historical sketch

13.2.2 Speech sounds: phonetics

13.2.3 Words: phonology and morphology

13.2.4 Sentences: syntax

13.2.5 Semantics and pragmatics

13.3 Language in the brain

13.4 Language evolution

13.4.1 Shared intentionality, cooperation, and communication

13.4.2 Gestural theory and verbal communication

13.4.3 Mind and grammar

13.4.4 Further implications of language evolution

13.5 Language development

13.5.1 Prelinguistic concept development

13.5.2 Phonological and lexical development

13.5.3 Grounding and developing grammar

13.6 Common and individual meaning

13.6.1 Word meaning

13.6.2 Meaning in conversations

13.7 Conclusions and implications

13.8 Exercises

14. Retrospection and future perspectives

14.1 Retrospection

14.2 Some underrepresented aspects