Basics of ecotoxicology 1st Edition by Donald Sparling 1138031712 9781138031715

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ISBN-10 :  1138031712 

ISBN-13 :  9781138031715

Author:  Donald W. Sparling 

This textbook presents a comprehensive examination of environmental science and ecotoxicology for undergraduate students. The material provides sufficient related background information leading to a competency to clearly understand ecotoxicology concepts and topics.

Basics of ecotoxicology 1st table of contents: 

SECTION I An Introduction to Ecotoxicology
Chapter 1 What Is Ecotoxicology?
1.1 Introduction—What Do We Mean By ‘Ecotoxicology’?
1.2 How Did the Science of Ecotoxicology Come About?
1.3 What Does It Take to Be an Ecotoxicologist?
1.4 Objectives of This Book
1.5 Chapter Summary
1.6 Self-Test
References
Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry for Ecotoxicologists
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Elements and Periodic Chart
2.2.1 Elements
2.2.2 Periodic Chart of Elements
2.3 Chemical Reactions
2.4 Chemical Groups of Greatest Interest to Ecotoxicologists
2.4.1 Metals
2.4.2 Organic Molecules
2.5 Comments on the Fate and Transport of Chemical Contaminants in the Environment
2.5.1 Metals
2.5.2 Radioactive Elements
2.5.3 Organic Molecules
2.6 Chemicals of Major Interest
2.6.1 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Similar Chemicals
2.6.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
2.6.3 Organochlorine Pesticides
2.6.4 Currently Used Pesticides
2.6.5 Metals and Metalloids
2.6.6 Other Chemicals
2.7 Units of Measurement
2.8 Chapter Summary
2.9 Self-Test
References
Chapter 3 Some Ways Contaminants Affect Plants and Animals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Generalized Effects of Contaminants
3.3 Physical or Mechanical Blockage
3.4 Malformations
3.5 Interference with Enzyme Activity
3.5.1 Chelation
3.5.2 Receptor Binding
3.5.3 Neurotransmitter Interference
3.5.4 Effects of Contaminants on Plants
3.6 Impingements on the Immune System
3.7 Contaminant-Induced Endocrine Disruption
3.8 Genotoxicity
3.9 Cytochrome P450 and Other Metabolic Systems
3.10 So How Do Ecotoxicologists Study These Effects?
3.11 Chapter Summary
3.12 Self-Test
References
SECTION II Major Groups of Contaminants: Where They Come from, What They Can Do
Chapter 4 Metals
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sources of Metals in the Environment
4.3 Factors Affecting the Behavior of Metals
4.4 Biological Effects of Metals
4.5 Characteristics of Lead and Mercury
4.5.1 Characteristics of Lead
4.5.2 General Characteristics of Mercury
4.6 Chapter Summary
4.7 Self-Test
References
Chapter 5 Current Use Pesticides
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What Is a Pesticide?
5.2.1 Pesticide Use Is Controversial
5.3 Economics of Current Use Pesticides
5.4 Types of Pesticides
5.4.1 Carbamates
5.4.2 Organophosphates
5.4.3 Pyrethroids
5.4.4 Phosphonoglycine
5.4.5 Triazines
5.4.6 Inorganics, Metals, and Biologics
5.5 Chapter Summary
5.6 Self-Test
References
Chapter 6 Halogenated Organic Contaminants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
6.2.1 Chemistry
6.2.2 Persistence
6.2.3 Breakdown of PCBs
6.2.4 Concentrations of PCBs in Some Animal Tissues
6.2.5 Biological Effects of PCBs
6.3 Ecotoxicity of Dioxins, Furans, and Dioxin-Like Compounds
6.3.1 General Mechanisms of Toxicity
6.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polybrominated Biphenyls
6.5 Polyfluorinated Organic Compounds
6.6 Chapter Summary
6.7 Self-Test
References
Chapter 7 Other Major Organic Contaminants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
7.2.1 Chemical Characteristics of PAHs
7.2.2 Sources and Uses of PAHs
7.2.3 Persistence
7.2.4 Environmental Concentrations
7.2.5 Some Examples of Biological Concentrations
7.2.6 Biological Effects of PAHs
7.3 Oil Spills and PAH
7.4 Organochlorine Pesticides
7.4.1 Sources and Use
7.4.2 General Chemical Characteristics of OCPs
7.4.3 Structure
7.4.4 Persistence
7.4.5 Examples of OCP Concentrations in Environmental Sources
7.4.6 Concentrations of OCPs in Animals
7.4.7 Biological Effects of Organochlorine Pesticides
7.5 Chapter Summary
7.6 Self-Test
References
Chapter 8 Contaminants of Increasing Concern
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Plastics
8.3 Pharmaceuticals
8.4 Nanoparticles
8.5 Acid Deposition
8.6 Chapter Summary
8.7 Self-Test
References
SECTION III Higher Level Effects, Analysis of Risk, and Regulation of Chemicals
Chapter 9 Studying the Effects of Contaminants on Populations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 How Might Contaminants Influence the Characteristics of Populations?
9.2.1 Density Dependence and Independence
9.2.2 Abundance
9.2.3 Sex Ratios
9.2.4 Age Structure
9.3 Contaminants and Life Table Analyses
9.4 Chapter Summary
9.5 Self-Test
References
Chapter 10 How Contaminants Can Affect Community and Ecosystem Dynamics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Aspects of Community Ecology
10.2.1 Species Richness, Diversity, and Abundance
10.2.2 Food Chains and Webs
10.2.3 Symbiotic Relationships
10.2.4 Ecological Succession
10.2.5 Community Sensitivity
10.3 Contaminants and Ecosystems
10.4 Chapter Summary
10.5 Self-Test
References
Chapter 11 Risk Assessment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Brief Overview of the History of Risk Assessment
11.3 What Is an Ecological Risk Assessment Like?
11.4 Assessing Risk to Organisms
11.5 Uncertainty in Risk Assessments
11.6 Vulnerability Analysis
11.7 Risk Management
11.8 Chapter Summary
11.9 Self-Test
References
Chapter 12 Domestic and Global Regulation of Environmentally Important Chemicals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 International Authorities
12.2.1 The United Nations
12.2.2 Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
12.2.3 European Union
12.3 National Regulation of Contaminants
12.3.1 State Department
12.3.2 Department of Defense
12.3.3 Department of Agriculture
12.3.3.1 U.S. Forest Service
12.3.3.2 Natural Resources Conservation Service
12.3.4 Department of the Interior
12.3.4.1 Fish and Wildlife Service
12.3.4.2 Bureau of Land Management
12.3.4.3 U.S. Geological Survey
12.3.4.4 Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
12.3.5 Department of Commerce
12.3.5.1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
12.3.5.2 U.S. Coast Guard
12.3.6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
12.3.6.1 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA, 1938)
12.3.6.2 Clean Air Act (1970)
12.3.6.3 Clean Water Act (1972)
12.3.6.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA, 1976)
12.3.6.5 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA, 1976)
12.3.6.6 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, 1980)
12.3.6.7 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA, 1996)
12.4 Regulation at the State and Municipal Levels
12.5 Chapter Summary
12.6 Self-Test
References
Chapter 13 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Does Looking Backward Tell Us Anything about Where the Science is Headed?
13.3 What Is the Current Status of Ecotoxicology?
13.4 Where Should the Science Head?
13.4.1 Conduct Studies on the Huge Inventory Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
13.4.2 Effects of Multiple Contaminants on Organisms
13.4.3 Increased Consideration by Regulatory Agencies for Relevant Species
13.4.4 Alternative Methods
13.4.5 Develop Realistic Scenarios
13.4.6 Increase Study of Higher Level Effects
13.4.7 Gain More Information on Nanoparticles and Their Effects
13.4.8 Encourage Advancements in Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment

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