Scientific Protocols for Fire Investigation 3rd Edition by John Lentini 1351712361 9781351712361

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ISBN-10 :  1351712361 

ISBN-13 : 9781351712361

Author: John J. Lentini 

Scientific Protocols for　Fire Investigation, Third Edition　focuses on the practical application of fundamental scientific principles to determine the causes of fires.　Originally published in 2006, the First Edition was very well received by fire investigators and those who work with them. Since fire investigation is a rapidly evolving field—driven by new discoveries about fire behavior—the Second Edition was published in late 2012. 　 This latest, fully updated Third Edition reflects the most recent developments in the field. Currently, serious research is underway to try to understand the role of ventilation in structure fires. Likewise, there is improved understanding of the kinds of errors investigators can make that lead to incorrect determinations of the causes of fires.　 In addition to the scientific aspects, the litigation of fire related events is rapidly changing, particularly with respect to an investigator’s qualifications to serve as an expert witness.　 This book covers these latest developments and ties together the changing standards for fire investigations with the fundamental scientific knowledge presented in the early chapters of the book. 　 The book is intended for those individuals who have recently entered the field of fire investigation, and those who are studying fire investigation with a plan to become certified professionals. In addition, professionals in the insurance industry who hire fire investigators will find this an invaluable resource. Insurance companies have sustained significant losses by hiring individuals who are not qualified, resulting in cases being settled or lost at a cost of millions. Insurance adjusters and investigators will learn to recognize quality fire investigations and those that are not up to today’s standards. Lastly, this book is also for the many attorneys who litigate fire cases. 　 Written with language and terms that make the science accessible even to the non-scientist, this new edition will be a welcome resource to any professional involved in fire and arson cases.

Scientific Protocols for Fire Investigation 3rd Table of contents:

1 Fire and science
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Argument versus experiment
1.3 Fire and the enlightenment
1.4 The scientific approach to fire investigation
1.5 Modern fire analysis
1.6 NFPA 921
1.7 NFPA 1033
1.8 CFITrainer.net
1.9 Science, law, and law enforcement: Overcoming potential biases
1.10 Conclusion
Review questions
Questions for discussion
References
2 The chemistry and physics of combustion
2.1 Basic chemistry
2.2 Fire and energy
2.3 States of matter
2.4 The behavior of gases
2.5 Stoichiometry and flammable limits
2.6 The behavior of liquids
2.7 The behavior of solids
2.8 Conclusion
Review questions
Questions for discussion
References
3 Fire dynamics and fire pattern development
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ignition
3.3 Self-heating and spontaneous ignition
3.4 Chemical ignition
3.5 Smoldering ignition
3.6 Flames
3.7 Flammability
3.8 Compartment fires
3.9 Plume pattern development
3.10 Ventilation-generated patterns
3.11 Penetrations through floors
3.12 Horizons, movement, and intensity patterns
3.13 Clean burn
3.14 Electrical patterns
3.15 Virtual fire patterns
3.16 Fire modeling
3.17 Conclusion
Review questions
Questions for discussion
References
4 Fire investigation procedures
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Recognize the need
4.3 The null hypothesis: Accidental cause
4.4 Negative corpus methodology
4.5 Planning the investigation
4.6 The initial survey: Safety first
4.7 Documentation
4.8 Reconstruction
4.9 Inventory
4.10 Avoiding spoliation
4.11 Origin determination
4.12 Evidence collection and preservation
4.13 Fatal fires
4.14 Hypothesis development and testing
4.15 Reporting procedure
4.16 Record keeping
4.17 Conclusion
Review questions
Questions for discussion
References
5 Analysis of ignitable liquid residues
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Evolution of separation techniques
5.3 Evolution of analytical techniques
5.4 Evolution of standard methods
5.5 Isolating the residue
5.5.1 Initial sample evaluation
5.5.2 Ignitable liquid residue isolation method selection
5.5.3 Solvent selection
5.5.4 Internal standards
5.5.5 Advantages and disadvantages of isolation methods
5.6 Analyzing the isolated ignitable liquid residue
5.6.1 Criteria for identification
5.6.1.1 Identification of gasoline
5.6.1.2 Identification of distillates
5.6.1.3 Identifying other classes of products
5.6.2 Improving sensitivity
5.6.3 Estimating the degree of evaporation
5.6.4 Identity of source
5.7 Reporting procedures
5.8 Record keeping
5.9 Quality assurance
5.10 Conclusion
Review questions
Questions for discussion
References
6 Evaluation of ignition sources
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Joint examinations of physical evidence
6.3 Appliances and electrical components
6.3.1 Electronic device reliability and failure modes
6.3.1.1 The burn-in phase
6.3.1.2 The useful life phase
6.3.1.3 The wear-out phase
6.3.1.4 Electronic device failure causes
6.3.1.5 Case study—Fire remote from root cause
6.3.1.6 Hardware versus software
6.3.1.7 Beware of red phosphorous—A popular fire retardant
6.3.2 Lithium ion batteries
6.3.3 Metal oxide varistors
6.3.4 Kitchen ranges
6.3.5 Coffeemakers
6.3.6 Deep fat fryers
6.3.7 Space heating appliances
6.3.8 Water heaters
6.3.9 Clothes dryers
6.3.10 Fluorescent lights
6.3.11 Recessed lights
6.3.12 Exhaust fans
6.3.13 Service panels
6.3.14 Oxygen enrichment devices
6.4 Testing of ignition scenarios
6.4.1 Spontaneous ignition tests
6.5 Following up
6.6 Conclusion
Review questions
Questions for discussion
References
7 Some practical examples
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Arson
7.2.1 Arson fire 1: The fictitious burglar
7.2.2 Arson fire 2: Three separate origins
7.2.3 Arson fire 3: Unpleasant neighbors
7.3 Dryer fires
7.3.1 Dryer fire 1: Misrouted power cord
7.3.2 Dryer fire 2: Cross-threaded electrical connection
7.3.3 Dryer fire 3: Spliced power cord
7.3.4 Dryer fire 4: Internal power wire comes loose
7.4 Electrical fires
7.4.1 Electrical fire 1: Energized neutral
7.4.2 Electrical fire 2: Worn-out outlet
7.4.3 Electrical fire 3: Makeshift extension cord
7.4.4 Electrical fire 4: A failed doorbell transformer
7.4.5 Electrical fire 5: The elusive overdriven staple
7.5 Fluorescent light fires
7.5.1 Fluorescent light fire 1: A ballast failure
7.5.2 Fluorescent light fire 2: An overheated lamp holder
7.6 Gas fires
7.6.1 Gas fire 1: Leak in a corrugated stainless-steel tubing line (and failure to inspect)
7.6.2 Gas fire 2: A leak at a new flare fitting
7.6.3 Gas fire 3: Overfilled cylinders
7.6.4 Gas fire 4: New installation, open line
7.7 Heater fires
7.7.1 Heater fire 1: Combustibles on a floor furnace
7.7.2 Heater fire 2: Portable heater ignites cardboard
7.7.3 Heater fire 3: Contents stacked in front of the heater
7.8 Industrial fires
7.8.1 Industrial fire 1: Machine shop spray booth
7.8.2 Industrial fire 2: Waste accumulations on the roof
7.8.3 industrial fire 3: A design flaw in a printing machine
7.8.4 Industrial fire 4: Hydraulic fluid fire
7.8.5 Industrial fire 5: Another chicken story
7.9 Lightning fires
7.9.1 Lightning fire 1: Be careful what you wish for!
7.9.2 Lightning fire 2: Lightning opens a gas appliance connector
7.9.3 Lightning fire 3: Nearby lightning strike causes perforation in a CSST line
7.10 Water heaters
7.10.1 Water heater fire 1: A code violation that did not cause the fire
7.11 Conclusion
Review questions
Questions for discussion
References
8 The mythology of arson investigation
8.1 Development and promulgation of myths
8.2 Alligatoring
8.3 Crazed glass
8.4 Depth and location of char
8.5 Lines of demarcation
8.6 Sagged furniture springs
8.7 Spalling
8.8 Fire load
8.9 Low burning and holes in the floor
8.10 The angle of V
8.11 Time and temperature
8.12 Conclusion
Review questions
Questions for discussion
References
9 Sources of error in fire investigation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Overlooking critical data
9.3 Misinterpreting critical data
9.4 Misinterpreting irrelevant data
9.5 Ignoring inconsistent data
9.6 Two-dimensional thinking
9.7 Poor communication
9.8 Faulty chemistry or engineering
9.9 Evaluating allegations of arson
9.9.1 Is this arson determination based entirely on the appearance of the burned floor in a fully involved compartment?
9.9.2 Is this arson determination based on “low burning,” crazed glass, spalling, “shiny alligatoring,” a “narrow V-pattern,” or “melted/annealed metal”?
9.9.3 Is this arson determination based on an unconfirmed canine alert?
9.9.4 Is this arson determination based on a fire that “burned hotter than normal” or “faster than normal”?
9.9.5 Do neutral eyewitnesses place the origin of the fire somewhere other than where the fire investigator says it was?
9.9.6 Is this arson determination based entirely or largely on a mathematical equation or a computer model?
9.10 Investigations gone wrong
9.10.1 State of Wisconsin v. Joseph Awe
9.10.1.1 Error analysis
9.10.1.2 Significance
9.10.2 State of Georgia v. Weldon Wayne Carr
9.10.2.1 Error analysis
9.10.2.2 Significance
9.10.3 Maynard Clark v. Auto Owners Insurance Company
9.10.3.1 Error analysis
9.10.3.2 Significance
9.10.4 State of Georgia v. Linda and Scott Dahlman
9.10.4.1 Error analysis
9.10.4.2 Significance
9.10.5 State of Michigan v. David Lee Gavitt
9.10.5.1 Error analysis
9.10.5.2 Significance
9.10.6 State of Arizona v. Ray Girdler
9.10.6.1 Error analysis
9.10.6.2 Significance
9.10.7 State of Louisiana v. Amanda Gutweiler
9.10.7.1 Error analysis
9.10.7.2 Significance
9.10.8 David and Linda Herndon v. First Security Insurance
9.10.8.1 Error analysis
9.10.8.2 Significance
9.10.9 Tennessee v. Terry Jackson
9.10.9.1 Error analysis
9.10.9.2 Significance
9.11 Conclusion
Review questions
Questions for discussion
References
10 The professional practice of fire investigation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Identifying your stakeholders
10.3 Doing consistent work
10.3.1 One state’s solution
10.4 Business practices
10.4.1 Pro bono work
10.5 Serving as an expert witness
10.5.1 Advocacy
10.5.2 Discovery
10.5.3 Courtroom testimony
10.5.3.1 Direct examination
10.5.3.2 Cross-examination
10.6 Conclusion

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