Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites 2nd Edition by Roger Rowell 0367373025 9780367373023

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ISBN-10 :  0367373025 

ISBN-13 :  9780367373023 

Author:  Roger M. Rowell 

Wood has played a major role throughout human history. Strong and versatile, the earliest humans used wood to make shelters, cook food, construct tools, build boats, and make weapons. Recently, scientists, politicians, and economists have renewed their interest in wood because of its unique properties, aesthetics, availability, abundance, and perhaps most important of all, its renewability. However, wood will not reach its highest use potential until we fully describe it, understand the mechanisms that control its performance properties, and, finally, are able to manipulate those properties to give us the desired performance we seek. The Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites analyzes the chemical composition and physical properties of wood cellulose and its response to natural processes of degradation. It describes safe and effective chemical modifications to strengthen wood against biological, chemical, and mechanical degradation without using toxic, leachable, or corrosive chemicals. Expert researchers provide insightful analyses of the types of chemical modifications applied to polymer cell walls in wood. They emphasize the mechanisms of reaction involved and resulting changes in performance properties including modifications that increase water repellency, fire retardancy, and resistance to ultraviolet light, heat, moisture, mold, and other biological organisms. The text also explores modifications that increase mechanical strength, such as lumen fill, monomer polymer penetration, and plasticization. The Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites concludes with the latest applications, such as adhesives, geotextiles, and sorbents, and future trends in the use of wood-based composites in terms of sustainable agriculture, biodegradability and recycling, and economics. Incorporating decades of teaching experience, the editor of this handbook is well-attuned to educational demands as well as industry standards and research trends.

Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites 2nd Table of contents:

1 Wood and Society
References
Part I Structure and Chemistry
2 Structure and Function of Wood
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Trees
2.3 Softwoods and Hardwoods
2.4 Sapwood and Heartwood
2.5 Axial and Radial Systems
2.6 Planes of Section
2.7 Vascular Cambium
2.8 Growth Rings
2.9 Cells In Wood
2.10 Cell Walls
2.11 Pits
2.12 Microscopic Structure of Softwoods and Hardwoods
2.12.1 Softwoods
2.12.1.1 Tracheids
2.12.1.2 Axial Parenchyma and Resin Canal Complexes
2.12.1.3 Rays
2.12.2 Hardwoods
2.12.2.1 Vessels
2.12.2.2 Fibers
2.12.2.3 Axial Parenchyma
2.12.2.4 Rays
2.13 Wood Technology
2.14 Moisture Relations
2.15 Density
2.16 Juvenile Wood and Reaction Wood
2.17 Wood Identification
References
3 Cell Wall Chemistry
3.1 Carbohydrate Polymers
3.1.1 Holocellulose
3.1.2 Cellulose
3.1.3 Hemicelluloses
3.1.3.1 Hardwood Hemicelluloses
3.1.3.2 Softwood Hemicelluloses
3.1.4 Other Minor Polysaccharides
3.2 Lignin
3.3 Extractives
3.4 Bark
3.4.1 Extractives
3.4.1.1 Chemical Composition of Extractives
3.4.2 Hemicelluloses
3.4.3 Cellulose
3.4.4 Lignin
3.4.5 Inorganics and pH
3.5 Inorganics
3.6 Distribution In Cell Wall
3.7 Juvenile Wood and Reaction Wood
3.8 Analytical procedures
3.8.1 Sampling Procedures
3.8.2 Extraction
3.8.2.1 Scope and Summary
3.8.2.2 Sample Preparation
3.8.2.3 Apparatus
3.8.2.4 Reagents and Materials
3.8.2.5 Procedures
3.8.3 Ash Content (ASTM D-1102-84)
3.8.3.1 Scope
3.8.3.2 Sample Preparation
3.8.3.3 Apparatus
3.8.3.4 Procedure
3.8.3.5 Report
3.8.3.6 Precision
3.8.4 Preparation of Holocellulose (Chlorite Holocellulose)
3.8.4.1 Scope
3.8.4.2 Sample Preparation
3.8.4.3 Apparatus
3.8.4.4 Reagents
3.8.4.5 Procedure
3.8.5 Preparation of α-Cellulose (Determination of Hemicelluloses)
3.8.5.1 Scope
3.8.5.2 Principle of Method
3.8.5.3 Apparatus
3.8.5.4 Reagents
3.8.5.5 Procedure
3.8.5.6 Calculation and Report
3.8.6 Preparation of Klason Lignin
3.8.6.1 Scope
3.8.6.2 Apparatus
3.8.6.3 Reagent
3.8.6.4 Procedure
3.8.6.5 Additional Information
3.8.7 Determination of Methoxyl Groups
3.8.7.1 Scope
3.8.7.2 Principle of Method
3.8.7.3 Sample Preparation
3.8.7.4 Apparatus
3.8.7.5 Reagents
3.8.7.6 Procedure
3.8.7.7 Calculation and Report
3.8.8 Determination of Acetyl by Gas–Liquid Chromatography
3.8.8.1 Scope
3.8.8.2 Reagents
3.8.8.3 Sample Preparation
3.8.8.4 Gas Chromatography
3.8.8.5 Reporting
References
Part II Properties
4 Moisture Properties
4.1 Moisture Content of Green Wood
4.2 Fiber Saturation Point
4.3 Equilibrium Moisture Content
4.4 Sorption Isotherms
4.4.1 Effect of Temperature On Sorption and Desorption of Water
4.5 Swelling of Dry Wood In Water
4.6 Distribution of Moisture
4.7 Swelling and Shrinking of Wood
4.8 Measuring Swelling
4.9 Rate of Water Sorption and Activation Energy
4.10 Cell Wall Elastic Limit
4.11 Swelling Pressure
4.12 Effects of Moisture Cycles
4.13 Effect On Vibrational Properties
4.14 Effect On Biological Properties
4.15 Effects On Insulation and Electrical Properties
4.16 Effects On Strength Properties
4.17 Water Repellency and Dimensional Stability
4.18 Swelling In Wood Composites
4.19 Swelling In Liquids Other Than Water
References
5 Biological Properties of Wood
5.1 Biological Degradations
5.1.1 Bacteria
5.1.2 Mold and Stain
5.1.3 Decay Fungi
5.1.3.1 Brown-Rot Fungi
5.1.3.2 White-Rot Fungi
5.1.3.3 Soft-Rot Fungi
5.1.4 Insects
5.1.4.1 Termites
5.1.4.1.1 Subterranean Termites
5.1.4.1.2 Formosan Subterranean Termites
5.1.4.1.3 Nonsubterranean (Drywood) Termites
5.1.4.1.4 Dampwood Termites
5.1.4.2 Carpenter Ants
5.1.4.3 Carpenter Bees
5.1.4.4 Beetles
5.1.4.4.1 Lyctid Powderpost Beetles
5.1.4.4.2 Anobiid Powderpost Beetles
5.1.4.4.3 Flatheaded Borers
5.1.4.4.4 Cerambycids
5.1.4.4.4.1 Long-Horned Beetles
5.1.4.4.4.2 Old-House Borers
5.1.5 Marine Borers
5.1.5.1 Shipworms
5.1.5.2 Pholads
5.1.5.3 Crustaceans
5.1.5.3.1 Gribbles
5.1.5.3.2 Pillbugs
5.2 Prevention Or Protection of Wood
5.2.1 Wood Preservation
5.2.2 Timber Preparation and Conditioning
5.2.3 Treatment Processes
5.2.3.1 Pressure Processes
5.2.3.2 Nonpressure Processes
5.2.4 Purchasing and Handling of Treated Wood
References
6 Thermal Properties, Combustion, and Fire Retardancy of Wood
6.1 Pyrolysis and Combustion
6.2 Fire Retardancy
6.3 Testing Fire Retardants
6.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (Tga)
6.3.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
6.3.3 Cone Calorimeter
6.3.3.1 Cone Calorimeter Tests on Wood
6.3.4 Tunnel Flame-Spread Tests
6.3.5 Critical Oxygen Index Test
6.3.6 Other Tests
6.4 Fire Retardants
6.4.1 Chemicals That Promote The Formation of Increased Char At A Lower Temperature Than Untreated Wood Degradation
6.4.2 Chemicals That Act as Free Radical Traps in the Flame
6.4.3 Chemicals Used To Form A Coating On The Wood Surface
6.4.4 Chemicals That Increase the Thermal Conductivity of Wood
6.4.5 Chemicals That Dilute The Combustible Gases Coming From The Wood With Noncombustible Gases
6.4.6 Chemicals that Reduce the Heat Content of Volatile Gases
6.4.7 Phosphorus–Nitrogen Synergism Theories
6.4.8 Fire-Retardant Formulations
6.4.8.1 Phosphorus
6.4.8.2 Boron
6.4.9 Leach-Resistant Fire-Retardants
References
7 Weathering of Wood and Wood Composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Environmental Factors Affecting The Weathering of Wood
7.2.1 Solar radiation
7.2.2 Oxygen
7.2.3 Water
7.2.4 Heat
7.2.5 Environmental Pollutants and Particulates
7.2.6 Organisms
7.2.7 Interactive Effects
7.3 Mechanisms Involved In Weathering
7.3.1 Photodegradation of Wood
7.3.2 Checking of Wood
7.4 Effects of Weathering
7.4.1 Changes At The Molecular Level
7.4.2 Microscopic Changes
7.4.3 Macroscopic and Color Changes
7.4.4 Changes in Wood Properties and Ease of Processing
7.4.5 Depth of Degradation
7.5 Protection
7.5.1 Surface Coatings
7.5.2 Photoprotective Additives
7.5.2.1 Inorganic Particles
7.5.2.2 UV Absorbers
7.5.2.3 Radical Scavengers
7.5.3 Reactive Metal Compounds
7.5.4 Wood Preservatives
7.5.5 Wood Modification
7.5.5.1 Chemical Modification
7.5.5.2 Thermal Modification
7.5.5.3 Impregnation Modification
7.5.5.4 Grafting of UV Stabilizers and Polymerizable UV Absorbers
7.6 Weathering of Wood Composites
7.6.1 Plywood
7.6.2 Particleboard and Oriented Strandboard
7.6.3 Fiberboards
7.6.4 Wood Cement Composites
7.6.5 Glulam and Laminated Veneer Lumber
7.7 Weathering of Wood Plastic Composites
7.8 Future Considerations
References
8 Surface Characterization
8.1 Overview of Surface Properties
8.2 Microscopic Methods For Characterizing Surface Properties
8.2.1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (Clsm)
8.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
8.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (Afm)
8.2.4 Nanoindentation
8.3 Spectroscopic Methods For Characterizing Surface Properties
8.3.1 Molecular Spectroscopy
8.3.2 Electron Spectroscopy
8.3.3 Mass Spectroscopy
8.4 Thermodynamic Methods For Characterizing Surface Properties
8.4.1 Contact Angle Analysis (CAA)
8.4.2 Inverse Gas Chromatography (Igc)
8.4.3 Total Surface Energy
8.4.3.1 Dispersive Component of The Total Surface Energy
8.4.3.2 Acid–Base Component of the Total Surface Energy
8.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Part III Wood Composites
9 Wood Adhesion and Adhesives
9.1 General
9.2 Wood Adhesive Uses
9.3 Terminology
9.4 Application of The Adhesive
9.4.1 Adhesive Application To Wood
9.4.2 Theories of Adhesion
9.4.3 Wood Adhesion
9.4.4 Wood Surface Preparation
9.4.5 Wood Bonding Surface
9.4.6 Spatial Scales of Wood for Adhesive Interaction
9.4.7 Wetting and Penetration In General
9.4.8 Wetting, Flow, and Penetration of Wood
9.5 Setting of Adhesive
9.5.1 Loss of Solvents
9.5.2 Polymerization
9.5.3 Solidification by cooling
9.6 Performance of Bonded Products
9.6.1 Behavior Under Force
9.6.2 Effect of Variables On The Stress–Strain Behavior of Bonded Assemblies
9.6.3 Bond strength
9.6.4 Durability Testing
9.7 Adhesives
9.7.1 Polymer Formation
9.7.2 Self-Adhesion
9.7.3 Formaldehyde Adhesives
9.7.3.1 PF Adhesives
9.7.3.2 Resorcinol and Phenol–Rf Adhesives
9.7.3.3 UF and Mixed Urea Formaldehyde Adhesives
9.7.3.4 Mf Adhesives
9.7.4 Isocyanates in Wood Adhesives
9.7.4.1 Polymeric Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate
9.7.4.2 Emulsion Polymer Isocyanates
9.7.4.3 Polyurethane Adhesives
9.7.5 Epoxy Adhesives
9.7.6 Vinyl Acetate Dispersion Adhesives
9.7.7 Bio-Based Adhesives
9.7.7.1 Protein Glues
9.7.7.2 Tannin Adhesives
9.7.7.3 Lignin Adhesives
9.7.8 Miscellaneous Composite Adhesives
9.7.9 Construction Adhesives
9.7.10 Hot Melts
9.7.11 Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
9.7.12 Other Adhesives
9.7.13 Formulation of Adhesives
9.8 Environmental Aspects
9.9 Summary
References
10 Wood Composites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Why Make Wood-Based Panels?
10.3 Manufacture of Particleboards: A Short Overview
10.3.1 Defining Particleboard
10.4 Wood As A Raw Material
10.4.1 Workability
10.4.2 Density
10.4.3 Ph of Wood
10.4.4 Permeability
10.4.5 Wood Sources
10.4.5.1 Round Wood
10.4.5.2 Wood Residues
10.4.5.3 Recovered Wood
10.4.5.4 Bark
10.5 Particle Production
10.5.1 Primary Breakdown Machines
10.5.2 Secondary Breakdown Machines
10.5.3 Particle Geometry
10.6 Particle Drying
10.7 Particle Sorting
10.8 Resin Metering and Blending
10.9 Common Adhesives
10.10 Mattress Forming
10.11 Mattress Prepressing and Preheating
10.12 Pressing
10.13 Batch Presses
10.13.1 Single-Daylight Presses
10.13.2 Multi-Daylight Presses
10.13.3 Continuous Presses
10.14 Mattress Conditions During Pressing
10.15 Processing Steps Immediately After Pressing
10.15.1 Blister Detection
10.15.2 Trimming and Cutting to Length
10.15.3 Weighing and Panel Thickness Measurement
10.15.4 Cooling
10.15.5 Intermediary Storage
10.15.6 Sanding and Cut-to-Size
10.16 Manufacture of Oriented Strand Board: A Short Overview
10.16.1 Introduction
10.17 Manufacture of Osb
10.17.1 Strand Preparation
10.17.2 Strand Blending
10.17.3 Mattress Forming
10.17.4 Mattress Leveling and Pressing
10.18 Manufacture of Medium-Density Fiberboard: A Short Overview
10.18.1 Introduction
10.19 Manufacture of MDF
10.19.1 Chipping
10.19.2 Chip Storage
10.19.3 Washing
10.19.4 Preheating
10.19.5 Steaming
10.19.6 Refining
10.19.7 Resinating (Blowline)
10.19.8 Dry Blending
10.19.9 Drying
10.19.10 Forming
10.19.11 Prepressing
10.19.12 Hot Pressing
10.20 Pollution Control
10.20.1 Waste Water
10.20.2 Waste Air
10.20.3 Treatment Plant Description
10.21 Manufacture of Plywood: A Short Overview
10.21.1 Introduction
10.22 Manufacturing Steps
10.22.1 Log Preparation
10.22.2 Peeling
10.22.3 Veneer Processing
10.22.4 Drying
10.22.4.1 Dryers
10.22.5 Veneer Preparation
10.22.6 Board Layup
10.22.7 Pressing
10.22.8 Finishing
10.22.9 Plywood Grading
10.23 A History of Wood-Based Composites
10.24 Conclusions
10.25 Potential For New WBP
10.25.1 Compression Molding of Binderless Chemical Pulp
10.25.2 Wet-Processed High-Density Fiberboards—A Combination of Chemical Pulp and Nanofibrillated Cellulose (NFC)
10.25.3 Cellulose Nanopaper
10.25.4 Cellulose Nanocomposites
10.25.5 Clay Nanopaper-Based Fiberboards
10.25.6 Cellulose Biofoams and Aerogels
References
11 Chemistry of Wood Strength
11.1 Mechanical Properties
11.2 Factors Affecting Strength
11.2.1 Material Factors
11.2.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.2.1.2 Growth Characteristics
11.2.2 Environmental Factors
11.2.2.1 Moisture
11.2.2.2 Temperature
11.2.3 Load Factors
11.2.3.1 Duration of Load
11.2.3.2 Fatigue
11.2.3.3 Test Methods
11.2.4 Flexural Loading Properties
11.2.4.1 Modulus of Rupture
11.2.4.2 Fiber Stress At Proportional Limit
11.2.4.3 Modulus of Elasticity
11.2.4.4 Work To Proportional Limit
11.2.4.5 Work to Maximum Load
11.2.5 Axial Loading Properties
11.2.5.1 Compression Parallel to the Grain
11.2.5.2 Compression Perpendicular To The Grain
11.2.5.3 Tension Parallel to the Grain
11.2.5.4 Tension Perpendicular To Grain
11.2.6 Other Mechanical Properties
11.2.6.1 Shear
11.2.6.2 Hardness
11.2.6.3 Shock Resistance
11.3 Components of Strength
11.3.1 Relationship of Structure To Chemical Composition
11.3.1.1 Macroscopic Level
11.3.1.2 Microscopic Level
11.3.1.3 Composition
11.3.1.4 Microfibril Orientation
11.3.1.5 Nano-Molecular Level
11.4 Relationship of Chemical Composition To Strength
11.4.1 Below Proportional Limit (Elastic Strength)
11.4.2 Beyond Proportional Limit (Plastic Strength)
11.5 Relationship of Structure To Strength
11.5.1 Nano-Molecular Level
11.5.2 Microscopic Level
11.5.3 Macroscopic Level
11.6 Environmental Effects
11.6.1 Acids and Bases
11.6.2 Adsorption of Elements
11.6.3 Swelling Solvents
11.6.4 Ultraviolet Degradation
11.6.5 Thermal Degradation
11.6.6 Microbial Degradation
11.6.7 Naturally Occurring Chemicals
11.7 Treatment Effects
11.8 Summary
References
12 Fiber Webs
12.1 Webs and Mats
12.1.1 Forming Options
12.1.1.1 Layering
12.1.1.2 Fiber Mixing
12.1.1.3 Use of Additives
12.1.1.4 Scrim Addition
12.1.1.5 Card Combined with Air Forming
12.1.1.6 Melt-Blown Polymer Unit Combined With Air Forming
12.2 PULP MOLDING
12.3 Geotextiles
12.3.1 Erosion Control
12.4 Filters
12.4.1 Types
12.4.1.1 Physical Type
12.4.1.2 Chemical Type
12.4.2 Applications
12.4.3 Testing Protocols for Filters
12.4.3.1 Kinetic Tests
12.4.3.2 Isotherms
12.4.4 Biofilters For Organic Compounds
12.5 Sorbents
12.5.1 Density
12.5.2 Porosity and Surface Area
12.5.3 Selectivity
12.5.4 Retention
12.6 Mulch Mats
References
13 Wood/Nonwood Thermoplastic Composites
13.1 Wood Thermoplastics
13.1.1 Thermoplastic Matrix Materials
13.1.2 Additives
13.1.3 Processing
13.1.4 Performance
13.1.5 Mechanical Properties
13.1.6 Durability
13.1.7 Markets and Future Trends
13.2 Nonwood Fibers In Thermoplastic Composites
13.2.1 Agricultural Fibers
13.2.2 Other Fibers
13.3 Bioplastics
13.3.1 Introduction
13.3.2 Pla Manufacturing
13.3.3 Melt Processing of Plas
13.3.4 Properties of Plas
13.3.4.1 Thermal Properties
13.3.4.2 Hydrolytic Stability
13.3.4.3 Biodegradability
13.3.4.4 Mechanical Properties
13.3.5 Sustainability
13.4 Polylactide Fiber Composites
References
Part IV Property Improvements
14 Heat Treatment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Processes
14.3 Chemistry
14.3.1 Weight Loss
14.4 Moisture and Dimensional Stability
14.5 Decay Resistance
14.6 Strength Properties
14.7 Industrial Processes
14.7.1 Thermowood®
14.7.2 Plato® Wood
14.7.3 Retification®
14.7.4 Moldrup Process
14.7.5 Other Processes
References
15 Chemical Modification of Wood
15.1 Degradation of Wood
15.2 Chemical Reaction Systems
15.3 Chemical Reactions With Wood
15.3.1 Acetylation
15.3.2 Acid Chlorides
15.3.3 Other Anhydrides
15.3.4 Carboxylic Acids
15.3.5 Isocyanates
15.3.6 Formaldehyde
15.3.7 Other Aldehydes
15.3.8 Methylation
15.3.9 Alkyl Chlorides
15.3.10 β-Propiolactone
15.3.11 Acrylonitrile
15.3.12 Epoxides
15.3.13 Furfural Alcohol
15.3.14 Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU)
15.3.15 Reaction Rates
15.3.16 Effect of Moisture
15.4 Properties of Chemically Modified Wood
15.4.1 Changes in Wood Volume Resulting from Reaction
15.4.2 Stability of Bonded Chemical To Chemical Leaching
15.4.3 Accessibility of Reaction Site
15.4.4 Acetyl Balance In Acetylated Wood
15.4.5 Distribution of Bonded Chemical
15.4.6 Moisture Sorption
15.4.7 Dimensional Stability
15.4.8 Loss of Dimensional Stability
15.4.9 Biological Resistance
15.4.9.1 Termite Resistance
15.4.9.2 Decay Resistance
15.4.9.3 Marine Resistance
15.4.10 Thermal Properties
15.4.11 Ultraviolet Radiation and Weathering Resistance
15.4.12 Mechanical Properties
15.4.13 Adhesion of Chemically Modified Wood
15.4.14 Acoustical Properties
15.5 Commercialization of Chemically Modified Wood
15.5.1 Acetylation
15.5.1.1 Accsys Technologies
15.5.1.2 Acetylation Process Development
15.5.2 Furfurylation
References
16 Lumen Modifications
16.1 Methods
16.1.1 In Situ Polymerization of Liquid Monomers In The Lumens
16.2 Polymerization Methods
16.2.1 Chemical Initiators
16.2.1.1 Peroxides
16.2.1.2 Vazo Catalysts
16.2.1.3 Radiation
16.2.1.3.1 Gamma Radiation
16.2.1.3.2 Electron Beam
16.3 Monomers
16.3.1 Acrylic Monomers
16.3.2 Styrene
16.3.3 Polyesters
16.3.4 Melamine Resins
16.3.5 Acrylonitrile
16.4 Cross-Linking Agents
16.4.1 Isocyanates
16.4.2 Anhydrides
16.5 Properties of Wood–Polymer Composites
16.5.1 Hardness
16.5.2 Toughness
16.5.3 Abrasion Resistance
16.5.4 Dimensional Stability
16.5.5 Moisture Exclusion
16.5.6 Fire Resistance
16.5.7 Decay Resistance
16.5.8 Weathering Resistance
16.5.9 Mechanical Properties
16.5.10 Changes in Color
16.6 Applications
16.7 Polymer Impregnation
16.7.1 Epoxy Resins
16.7.2 Compression of Wood While Heating and Curing with Resin
16.7.2.1 Staypak
16.7.2.2 Compreg
16.7.2.3 Staybwood
16.8 Water-Soluble Polymers and Synthetic Resins
16.8.1 Polyethylene Glycol
16.8.2 Impreg
References
17 Plasma Treatment of Wood
17.1 The Plasma State
17.1.1 Gas Discharge
17.1.2 Classification of Plasmas
17.1.3 Plasma Parameters
17.1.4 Low-Temperature Plasma
17.1.4.1 Low-Pressure Cold Plasma
17.1.4.2 Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma
17.2 Plasma Modification of Wood
17.2.1 Main Reactions of Plasma Treatment On Wood
17.2.2 Low-Pressure Plasma Modification
17.2.2.1 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Wood Surfaces by Low-Pressure Plasma Treatment
17.2.3 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Modification
17.2.3.1 Hydrophobic Wood Surfaces By Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment
17.2.3.2 Hydrophilic Wood Surfaces by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment
17.2.3.3 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Modification of Wood-Based Materials
17.3 Conclusion
References
18 Sustainability of Wood and Other Biomass
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Economic, Environmental, and Social Factors
18.3 Green and Sustainable
18.4 Elements of Sustainability
18.4.1 Raw Material Supply
18.4.2 Water
18.4.3 Energy
18.4.4 Emissions and Waste Products
18.4.5 Product Viability
18.4.6 Human Resources
18.4.7 Technology Development
18.5 The R’s of Sustainability
18.6 Making Change Happen
18.7 Conclusions

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