An Evidence Based Approach to the Management of Nasopharyngeal Cancer From Basic Science to Clinical Presentation and Treatment 1st Edition by Baharudin Abdullah, Anusha Balasubramanian, Norhafiza Mat Lazim 0128144039 9780128144039

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ISBN-10 :  0128144039 

ISBN-13 :  9780128144039

Author:  Baharudin Abdullah, Anusha Balasubramanian, Norhafiza Mat Lazim 

An Evidence-Based Approach to the Management of Nasopharyngeal Cancer: From Basic Science to Clinical Presentation and Treatment provides a comprehensive overview with updated management procedures for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Written by experts on the subject, it is organized in a simple yet comprehensive manner to aid in the understanding of this complex condition. The book discusses several topics related to NPC, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment (surgical and non-surgical). Additionally, it discusses key features of clinical presentation of NPC, recent advances and promising new therapies.

 

An Evidence-Based Approach to the Management of Nasopharyngeal Cancer: From Basic Science to Clinical Presentation and Treatment 1st Table of contents:

1 Introduction
Historical aspect
Geographical distribution and familial clustering
Association with Epstein–Barr virus
Improvement in treatment outcomes in the last five decades
Conclusion
References
2 Risk factors and etiopathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Introduction
Risks factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Family history
Ethnic and racial distribution
Genetic factors
Human leukocyte antigen
Tumor oncogens and tumor suppressor genes
The Epstein–Barr virus
The dietary factors
Salted fish
Environmental carcinogens
Tobacco smoking
Alcohol consumption
Interaction between the risk factors and pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Association between stages of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at diagnosis with risk factors of nasopharyng
Implications for the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Epstein–Barr virus as a screening biomarker
How to identify and reduce risk
Conclusion
References
Further reading
3 Genetics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and molecular signaling pathways
Genomic and epigenetic landscapes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Introduction
Genetic susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Epigenetic alterations and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
DNA methylation and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Histone modifications
Long noncoding RNAs and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
miRNAs and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Other Epstein–Barr virus genome products and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Molecular signaling pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Role of genomic profiling
Genetic and epigenetic screening
Epstein–Barr virus DNA testing
DNA methylation screening
miRNAs screening
Cost and efficacy
Clinical implications
Conclusions and future directions
List of abbreviations
References
Further reading
4 Surgical anatomy of the nasopharynx
Introduction
Surgical anatomy of nasopharynx
Important surgical adjacent structures
Conclusion
References
5 Pathology classification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Introduction
The evolved history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma pathology classifications
WHO classifications
Previous classifications
Is carcinoma in situ universally accepted as a separate entity?
Latest WHO classification
Histomorphological features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma
Ancillary studies
Immunohistochemistry
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma genetic predisposition
Molecular diagnosis
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnostic problems
Crush artifacts
Morphological variations
Mimickers
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
6 Clinical presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Introduction
Four groups of clinical signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Symptoms resulting from the tumor mass in the nasopharyngeal area
Symptoms and signs related to dysfunction of the Eustachian tube
Symptoms resulting from extension toward skull base involvement (erosion) with impairment of the fif
Palpable neck masses
Sign and symptoms related to extension of disease out of the nasopharynx
Diagnoses
Conclusion
References
Further reading
7 Assessment and staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Assessment
History
Clinical presentation
Social history
Physical examination
Lymph node levels of the neck
Neurological examination
Endoscopic examination
Endoscopic examination with biopsy
High definition-endoscopic imaging and narrow-band imaging endoscopy
Office-based ultrasound examination and fine-needle aspiration of the neck
Laboratory test
Serological markers
Plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA
NP screen
Radiological assessment
Ultrasonography
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography
Quality of life
Functional assessment of cancer therapy-nasopharyngeal cancer
European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer core quality-of-life questionnaire
Quality of life-radiation therapy instrument-head and neck
Staging
American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor, node, and metastasis system
Recurrent AJCC/UICC TNM stage system rTNM system
Other staging systems
Ho staging system
Chinese staging system
Summary and concluding remarks
References
8 Laboratory investigation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis
Introduction
Epstein–Barr virus serology
Histopathological evaluation
Histopathology of nonkeratinizing carcinoma
Histopathology of undifferentiated and differentiated nonkeratinizing carcinoma
Immunoprofile and Epstein–Barr virus detection nonkeratinizing carcinoma
Histopathology of keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
Immunoprofile and Epstein–Barr virus detection keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma
Application of brush cytology versus tissue biopsy
Conclusion
References
9 Open surgical salvage procedures for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Introduction
Open nasopharyngectomy for salvaging local recurrence
Transpalatal approach
Transcervico-manibulo-palatal approach
Midfacial degloving approach
Maxillary swing approach
Infratemporal fossa approach
Extended resection for advanced locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Oncological results of salvage nasopharyngectomy
Surgery for salvaging persistent or recurrent disease in the neck
Assessment of nodal failures of nasopharyngeal carcinoma for surgical salvage
Neck dissection for salvaging nodal failures in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Reirradiation of the neck with brachytherapy after neck dissection
References
10 Radiation therapy and chemotherapy in early and advanced nasopharyngeal cancer
Principles of radiation therapy
Radiation dosimetry
Accelerated radiation therapy
Image registration in radiotherapy planning
Target volume and organs at risk delineation
Organs at risk delineation
Temporal lobes
Brainstem
Optic apparatus
Target volume delineation
Target volumes are described as per ICRU 50
Intensity modulated radiotherapy plan approval
Organ preservation protocol
Types of radiation therapy specifically including intensity modulated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal
Intensity-modulated radiotherapy
Brachytherapy and stereotactic boost
Stereotactic radiotherapy in recurrent disease
Role of radiation in early disease
Management of the neck
Role of chemotherapy and radiation in intermediate stage nasopharyngeal cancer
Complications of radiation
Acute toxicity
Late toxicity
Additional toxicity with concurrent chemotherapy
Reirradiation in nasopharyngeal cancer recurrence
Treatment of locally advanced disease
Concurrent chemoradiation
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation
Systemic therapy
Metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer
Role of radiation in metastatic disease
Conclusion
References
Further reading
11 Role of endoscopic endonasal surgery in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: endoscopic endonasal
Introduction
Patient selection
Preoperative workup
Surgical technique
Sinonasal corridor
Nasoseptal flap
Inferior sphenoidectomy
Pterygopalatine fossa dissection
Transpterygoid dissection
Tumor extirpation
Nasopharyngeal reconstruction
Postoperative care and complications
Conclusion
References
12 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening and prevention programs
Introduction to screening
Rationale for screening
Epstein–Barr virus serology as a screening tool
Epstein–Barr virus DNA for screening
Nasendoscopy
Circulating biomarkers
Effectiveness of screening
Rationale for prevention
High-risk group
Education programs targeting dietary habits
Low-risk groups
General population-based programs
Conclusion
References
Further reading
13 Survival rates and quality of life of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
Introduction
Survival rates of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
Health-related quality of life in nasopharyngeal cancer
Effect of patient-related factors
Effect of tumor-related factors
Effect of treatment-related factors
Effect of addition of chemotherapy on quality of life
Effect of surgery on quality of life
Quality of life as prognostic marker in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer
Conclusion
References
Further reading
14 New developments in nasopharyngeal cancer
Early diagnosis by Epstein–Barr virus biomarkers
Imaging modality of nasopharyngeal cancer
Local disease
Regional nodes
Distant metastases
Treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer
Primary treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer
New emerging treatments in nasopharyngeal cancer
Local failures in nasopharyngeal cancer
Surgical treatment of recurrent or persistent nasopharyngeal cancer
Photodynamic therapy in nasopharyngeal cancer
Photodynamic therapy versus surgery and radiotherapy for local failures of nasopharyngeal cancer
Immunotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer

 

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Tags: An Evidence Based, Approach, the Management, Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Basic Science, Clinical Presentation, TreatmentBaharudin Abdullah, Anusha Balasubramanian, Norhafiza Mat Lazim