Biology How Life Works 3rd Edition by James Morris, Daniel Hartl, Andrew Knoll, Robert Lue, Melissa Michael 1319206918 9781319206918

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ISBN-10 :  1319206918 

ISBN-13 :  9781319206918

Author:  James Morris, Daniel Hartl, Andrew Knoll, Robert Lue, Melissa Michael 

BIOLOGY: HOW LIFE WORKS has been a revolutionary force for both instructors and students in the majors biology course. It was the first truly comprehensive set of integrated tools for introductory biology, seamlessly incorporating powerful text, media, and assessment to create the best pedagogical experience for students. THE VISUAL PROGRAM The already impressive visual program has been greatly improved and expanded. The powerful Visual Synthesis tools have been reimagined, allowing for more flexibility for both students and instructors. A new Tour Mode allows for learning objective-driven tours of the material and deep linking from the eText allow the student to jump straight from the text into a rich visual representation of the content. Instructors can also create customized tours to use for engaging in-class presentations. And finally, new animations have been added to the library, including a new 3D animation to support the animal physiology content. A FOCUS ON SCIENTIFIC SKILLS The third edition does even more to teach students the skills they need to think like a scientist, along with the content they need to move beyond the introductory course. New Skills Primers are self-paced tutorials that guide students to learn, practice, and use skills like data visualization, experimental design, working with numbers, and more. New How Do We Know? activities accompany the feature in the text and teach students to understand scientific inquiry. THE HUB The best teaching resources in the world aren’t of use if instructors can’t find them. The HUB provides a one-stop destination for valuable teaching and learning resources, including all of our well-vetted in-class activities. IMPROVED ORGANIZATION OF TOPICS We implemented several organizational changes based on extensive user feedback with the goal of creating an improved narrative for students and a more flexible teaching framework for instructors. A new chapter on Animal Form, Function, and Evolutionary History leads off the animal anatomy and physiology chapters to provide a whole-body view of structure and function and to provide better context for the more specific systems in following chapters. The ecology coverage has been enriched and reorganized for a more seamless flow. A new chapter on Ecosystem Ecology combines ecosystem concepts formerly housed in separate chapters to present a more cohesive view of the flow of matter and energy in ecosystems. All of these changes and improvements represent the next step in the life of Biology: How Life Works. We think we have created the best learning resource for introductory biology students, and we think instructors will find joy in the improvements they can make in their classes with these materials.

Biology How Life Works 3rd Table of contents:

Part 1 From Cells to Organisms
Chapter 1 Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations
1.1 Scientific Inquiry
Observation allows us to draw tentative explanations called hypotheses
A hypothesis makes predictions that can be tested by observation and experiments
How do we know? What caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?
A theory is a general explanation of natural phenomena supported by many experiments and observations
1.2 Chemical and Physical Principles
The living and nonliving worlds follow the same chemical rules and obey the same physical laws
Scientific inquiry shows that living organisms come from other living organisms
How do we know? Can living organisms arise from nonliving matter?
How do we know? Can microscopic life arise from nonliving matter?
1.3 The Cell
Nucleic acids store and transmit information needed for growth, function, and reproduction
Membranes define cells and spaces within cells
Metabolism converts energy from the environment into a form that can be used by cells
A virus is genetic material that requires a cell to carry out its functions
1.4 Evolution
Variation in populations provides the raw material for evolution
Evolution predicts a nested pattern of relatedness among species, depicted as a tree
Evolution can be studied by means of experiments
How do we know? Can evolution be demonstrated in the laboratory?
1.5 Ecological Systems
Basic features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior shape ecological systems
Ecological interactions play an important role in evolution
1.6 The Human Footprint
Core Concepts Summary
Case 1: Life’s Origins: Information, Homeostasis, and Energy
Chapter 2 The Molecules of Life
2.1 Properties of Atoms
Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Electrons occupy regions of space called orbitals
Elements have recurring, or periodic, chemical properties
2.2 Molecules and Chemical Bonds
A covalent bond results when two atoms share electrons
A polar covalent bond is characterized by unequal sharing of electrons
An ionic bond forms between oppositely charged ions
A chemical reaction involves breaking and forming chemical bonds
2.3 Water
Water is a polar molecule
A hydrogen bond is an interaction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
Hydrogen bonds give water many unusual properties
pH is a measure of the concentration of protons in solution
2.4 Carbon
Carbon atoms form four covalent bonds
Carbon-based molecules are structurally and functionally diverse
2.5 Organic Molecules
Functional groups add chemical character to carbon chains
Proteins are composed of amino acids
Nucleic acids encode genetic information in their nucleotide sequence
Complex carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules
2.6 Life’s Origins
How did the molecules of life form?
The building blocks of life can be generated in the laboratory
How do we know? Could the building blocks of organic molecules have been generated on the early Earth?
Experiments show how life’s building blocks can form macromolecules
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids and Transcription
3.1 Chemical Composition and Structure of DNA
How do we know? Can genetic information be transmitted between two strains of bacteria?
How do we know? Which molecule carries genetic information?
A DNA strand consists of subunits called nucleotides
DNA is a linear polymer of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds
Cellular DNA molecules take the form of a double helix
3.2 DNA Structure And Function
DNA molecules are copied in the process of replication, which relies on base pairing
RNA is an intermediary between DNA and protein
3.3 Transcription
RNA is a polymer of nucleotides in which the 5-carbon sugar is ribose
What kinds of nucleic acids were present in the earliest cells?
In transcription, DNA is used as a template to make complementary RNA
Transcription starts at a promoter and ends at a terminator
RNA polymerase adds successive nucleotides to the 3′ end of the transcript
The RNA polymerase complex is a molecular machine that opens, transcribes, and closes duplex DNA
3.4 RNA Processing
Primary transcripts in prokaryotes are translated immediately
Primary transcripts in eukaryotes undergo several types of chemical modification
Some RNA transcripts are processed differently from protein-coding transcripts and have functions of their own
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 4 Translation and Protein Structure
4.1 Molecular Structure of Proteins
Amino acids differ in their side chains
Successive amino acids in proteins are connected by peptide bonds
The sequence of amino acids dictates protein folding, which determines function
Secondary structures result from hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide backbone
Tertiary structures result from interactions between amino acid side chains
How do we know? What determines secondary and tertiary structure of proteins?
Polypeptide subunits can come together to form quaternary structures
Chaperones help some proteins fold properly
4.2 Protein Synthesis
Translation uses many molecules found in all cells
The genetic code shows the correspondence between codons and amino acids
How do we know? How was the genetic code deciphered?
Translation consists of initiation, elongation, and termination
How did the genetic code originate?
4.3 Protein Origins and Evolution
Most proteins are composed of modular folding domains
Amino acid sequences evolve through mutation and selection
Visual Synthesis: Gene Expression
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 5 Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments
5.1 Structure of Cell Membranes
Cell membranes are composed of two layers of lipids
How did the first cell membranes form?
Cell membranes are dynamic
Proteins associate with cell membranes in different ways
How do we know? Do proteins move in the plane of the membrane?
5.2 Movement in and out of Cells
The plasma membrane maintains homeostasis
Passive transport involves diffusion
Primary active transport uses the energy of ATP
Secondary active transport is driven by an electrochemical gradient
Many cells maintain size and composition using active transport
The cell wall provides another means of maintaining cell shape
5.3 Internal Organization of Cells
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ in internal organization
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and extensive internal compartmentalization
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and specialized internal structures
5.4 The Endomembrane System
The endomembrane system compartmentalizes the cell
The nucleus houses the genome and is the site of RNA synthesis
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis
The Golgi apparatus modifies and sorts proteins and lipids
Lysosomes degrade macromolecules
Protein sorting directs proteins to their proper location in or out of the cell
5.5 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Mitochondria provide the eukaryotic cell with most of its usable energy
Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 6 Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy
6.1 An Overview of Metabolism
Organisms can be classified according to their energy and carbon sources
Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that sustain life
6.2 Kinetic and Potential Energy
Kinetic energy and potential energy are two forms of energy
Chemical energy is a form of potential energy
ATP is a readily accessible form of cellular energy
6.3 Laws of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics: energy is conserved
The second law of thermodynamics: energy transformations always result in an increase in disorder in the universe
6.4 Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction occurs when molecules interact
The laws of thermodynamics determine whether a chemical reaction requires or releases energy available to do work
The hydrolysis of ATP is an exergonic reaction
Non-spontaneous reactions are often coupled to spontaneous reactions
6.5 Enzymes and the Rate of Chemical Reactions
Enzymes reduce the activation energy of a chemical reaction
Enzymes form a complex with reactants and products
How do we know? Do enzymes form complexes with substrates?
Enzymes are highly specific
Enzyme activity can be influenced by inhibitors and activators
Allosteric enzymes regulate key metabolic pathways
What naturally occurring elements might have spurred the first reactions that led to life?
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy from Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules
7.1 An Overview of Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration uses chemical energy stored in molecules such as carbohydrates and lipids to produce ATP
ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
Redox reactions play a central role in cellular respiration
Cellular respiration occurs in four stages
7.2 Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the partial breakdown of glucose
7.3 Pyruvate Oxidation
The oxidation of pyruvate connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle
7.4 The Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle produces ATP and reduced electron carriers
What were the earliest energy-harnessing reactions?
7.5 The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
The electron transport chain transfers electrons and pumps protons
The proton gradient is a source of potential energy
ATP synthase converts the energy of the proton gradient into the energy of ATP
How do we know? Can a proton gradient drive the synthesis of ATP?
7.6 Anaerobic Metabolism
Fermentation extracts energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen
How did early cells meet their energy requirements?
7.7 Metabolic Integration
Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants
Sugars other than glucose contribute to glycolysis
Fatty acids and proteins are useful sources of energy
The intracellular level of ATP is a key regulator of cellular respiration
Exercise requires several types of fuel molecules and the coordination of metabolic pathways
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates
8.1 An Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is widely distributed
Photosynthesis is a redox reaction
How do we know? Does the oxygen released by photosynthesis come from H2O or C2O?
The photosynthetic electron transport chain takes place in specialized membranes
8.2 The Calvin Cycle
The incorporation of CO2 is catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco
NADPH is the reducing agent of the Calvin cycle
The regeneration of RuBP requires ATP
The steps of the Calvin cycle were determined using radioactive CO2
How do we know? How is CO2 incorporated into carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are stored in the form of starch
8.3 Capturing Sunlight Into Chemical Forms
Chlorophyll is the major entry point for light energy in photosynthesis
Antenna chlorophyll passes light energy to reaction centers
How do we know? Do chlorophyll molecules operate on their own or in groups?
The photosynthetic electron transport chain connects two photosystems
The accumulation of protons in the thylakoid lumen drives the synthesis of ATP
Cyclic electron transport increases the production of ATP
8.4 Photosynthetic Challenges
Excess light energy can cause damage
Photorespiration leads to a net loss of energy and carbon
Photosynthesis captures just a small percentage of incoming solar energy
8.5 The Evolution of Photosynthesis
How did early cells use sunlight to meet their energy requirements?
Visual Synthesis: Harnessing Energy: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Core Concepts Summary
Case 2: Cancer: Cell Signaling, Form, and Division
Chapter 9 Cell Signaling
9.1 Principles of Cell Signaling
Cells communicate using chemical signals that bind to receptors
Signaling involves receptor activation, signal transduction, response, and termination
The response of a cell to a signaling molecule depends on the cell type
9.2 Distance Between Cells
Endocrine signaling acts over long distances
Signaling can occur over short distances
How do we know? Where do growth factors come from?
Signaling can occur by direct cell–cell contact
9.3 Signaling Receptors
Receptors for polar signaling molecules are located on the cell surface
Receptors for nonpolar signaling molecules are located in the interior of the cell
Cell-surface receptors act like molecular switches
9.4 G Protein-Coupled Receptors
The first step in cell signaling is receptor activation
Signals are often amplified in the cytosol
Signals lead to a cellular response
Signaling pathways are eventually terminated
9.5 Receptor Kinases
Receptor kinases phosphorylate each other, activate intracellular signaling pathways, lead to a response, and are terminated
How do cell signaling errors lead to cancer?
Signaling pathways are integrated to produce a response in a cell
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 10 Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix
10.1 Tissues and Organs
Tissues and organs are communities of cells
The structure of skin relates to its function
10.2 The Cytoskeleton
Microtubules and microfilaments are polymers of protein subunits
Microtubules and microfilaments are dynamic structures
Motor proteins associate with microtubules and microfilaments to cause movement
Intermediate filaments are polymers of proteins that vary according to cell type
The cytoskeleton is an ancient feature of cells
10.3 Cell Junctions
Cell adhesion molecules allow cells to attach to other cells and to the extracellular matrix
Anchoring junctions connect adjacent cells and are reinforced by the cytoskeleton
Tight junctions prevent the movement of substances through the space between cells
Molecules pass between cells through communicating junctions
10.4 The Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix of plants is the cell wall
The extracellular matrix is abundant in connective tissues of animals
How do cancer cells spread throughout the body?
Extracellular matrix proteins influence cell shape and gene expression
How do we know? Can extracellular matrix proteins influence gene expression?
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 11 Cell Division: Variation, Regulation, and Cancer
11.1 Cell Division
Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission
Eukaryotic cells divide by mitotic cell division
The cell cycle describes the life cycle of a eukaryotic cell
11.2 Mitotic Cell Division
The DNA of eukaryotic cells is organized as chromosomes
Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible
Prometaphase: Chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle
Metaphase: Chromosomes align as a result of dynamic changes in the mitotic spindle
Anaphase: Sister chromatids fully separate
Telophase: Nuclear envelopes re-form around newly segregated chromosomes
The parent cell divides into two daughter cells by cytokinesis
11.3 Meiotic Cell Division
Pairing of homologous chromosomes is unique to meiosis
Crossing over between DNA molecules results in exchange of genetic material
The first meiotic division reduces the chromosome number
The second meiotic division resembles mitosis
Division of the cytoplasm often differs between the sexes
Meiosis is the basis of sexual reproduction
11.4 Nondisjunction
Nondisjunction in meiosis results in extra or missing chromosomes
Some human disorders result from nondisjunction
Extra or missing sex chromosomes have fewer effects than extra autosomes
11.5 Cell Cycle Regulation
Protein phosphorylation controls passage through the cell cycle
How do we know? How is progression through the cell cycle controlled?
Different cyclin–CDK complexes regulate each stage of the cell cycle
Cell cycle progression requires successful passage through multiple checkpoints
11.6 Cancer
What genes are involved in cancer?
Oncogenes promote cancer
How do we know? Can a virus cause cancer?
Proto-oncogenes are genes that when mutated may cause cancer
Tumor suppressors block specific steps in the development of cancer
Most cancers require the accumulation of multiple mutations
Visual Synthesis: Cellular Communities
Core Concepts Summary
Case 3: Your Personal Genome You, from A to T
Chapter 12 DNA Replication and Manipulation
12.1 DNA Replication
During DNA replication, the parental strands separate and new partners are made
How do we know? How is DNA replicated?
New DNA strands grow by the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end
In replicating DNA, one daughter strand is synthesized continuously and the other in a series of short pieces
A small stretch of RNA is needed to begin synthesis of a new DNA strand
Synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is coordinated
DNA polymerase is self-correcting because of its proofreading function
12.2 Replication of Chromosomes
Replication of DNA in chromosomes starts at many places almost simultaneously
Telomerase restores tips of linear chromosomes shortened during DNA replication
12.3 DNA Techniques
The polymerase chain reaction selectively amplifies regions of DNA
Electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size
Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at particular short sequences
DNA strands can be separated and brought back together again
DNA sequencing makes use of the principles of DNA replication
What new technologies are used to sequence your personal genome?
12.4 Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA combines DNA molecules from two or more sources
Recombinant DNA is the basis of genetically modified organisms
DNA editing can be used to alter gene sequences almost at will
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 13 Genomes
13.1 Genome Sequencing
Complete genome sequences are assembled from smaller pieces
How do we know? How are whole genomes sequenced?
Sequences that are repeated complicate sequence assembly
Why sequence your personal genome?
13.2 Genome Annotation
Genome annotation identifies various types of sequence
Genome annotation includes searching for sequence motifs
Comparison of genomic DNA with messenger RNA reveals the intron–exon structure of genes
An annotated genome summarizes knowledge, guides research, and reveals evolutionary relationships among organisms
The HIV genome illustrates the utility of genome annotation and comparison
13.3 Genes, Genomes, and Organismal Complexity
Gene number is not a good predictor of biological complexity
Viruses, bacteria, and archaeons have small, compact genomes
Among eukaryotes, no relationship exists between genome size and organismal complexity
About half of the human genome consists of transposable elements and other types of repetitive DNA
13.4 Organization of Genomes
Bacterial cells package their DNA as a nucleoid composed of many loops
Eukaryotic cells package their DNA as one molecule per chromosome
The human genome consists of 22 pairs of chromosomes and two sex chromosomes
Organelle DNA forms nucleoids that differ from those in bacteria
13.5 Viruses and Viral Genomes
Viruses can be classified by their genomes
The host range of a virus is determined by viral and host surface proteins
Viruses have diverse sizes and shapes
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 14 Mutation and Genetic Variation
14.1 Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype is the genetic makeup of a cell or organism, and the phenotype is its observed characteristics
Some genetic differences are harmful
Some genetic differences are neutral
A few genetic differences are beneficial
The effect of a mutation may depend on the genotype and environment
14.2 The Nature of Mutations
Mutation of individual nucleotides is rare, but mutation across the genome is common
Only germ-line mutations are transmitted to progeny
What can your personal genome tell you about your genetic risk factors for cancer?
Mutations are random with regard to an organism’s needs
How do we know? Do mutations occur randomly, or are they directed by the environment?
14.3 Small-Scale Mutations
Point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide
The effect of a point mutation depends in part on where in the genome it occurs
Small insertions and deletions involve several nucleotides
Some mutations are due to the insertion of a transposable element
How do we know? What causes sectoring in corn kernels?
14.4 Chromosomal Mutations
Duplications and deletions result in gain or loss of DNA
Gene families arise from gene duplication and divergence
Copy-number variation constitutes a significant proportion of genetic variation
Tandem repeats are useful in DNA typing
An inversion has a chromosomal region reversed in orientation
A reciprocal translocation joins segments from nonhomologous chromosomes
14.5 DNA Damage and Repair
DNA damage can affect both DNA backbone and bases
Most DNA damage is corrected by specialized repair enzymes
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 15 Mendelian Inheritance
15.1 Early Theories of Inheritance
Early theories of heredity predicted the transmission of acquired characteristics
Belief in blending inheritance discouraged studies of hereditary transmission
15.2 Foundations of Modern Transmission Genetics
Mendel’s experimental organism was the garden pea
In crosses, one of the traits was dominant in the offspring
15.3 Segregation
Genes come in pairs that segregate in the formation of reproductive cells
The principle of segregation was tested by predicting the outcome of crosses
A testcross is a mating to an individual with the homozygous recessive genotype
Segregation of alleles reflects the separation of chromosomes in meiosis
Dominance is not universally observed
The principles of transmission genetics are statistical and are stated in terms of probabilities
Mendelian segregation preserves genetic variation
15.4 Independent Assortment
Independent assortment is observed when genes segregate independently of one another
How do we know? How are single-gene traits inherited?
Independent assortment reflects the random alignment of chromosomes in meiosis
Phenotypic ratios can be modified by interactions between genes
15.5 Human Genetics
Dominant traits appear in every generation
Recessive traits skip generations
Many genes have multiple alleles
Incomplete penetrance and variable expression can obscure inheritance patterns
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 16 Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles
16.1 The X and Y Chromosomes
In many animals, sex is genetically determined and associated with chromosomal differences
Segregation of the sex chromosomes predicts a 1 : 1 ratio of females to males
16.2 Inheritance of Genes in the X Chromosome
X-linked inheritance was discovered through studies of male fruit flies with white eyes
Genes in the X chromosome exhibit a crisscross inheritance pattern
X-linkage provided the first experimental evidence that genes are in chromosomes
Genes in the X chromosome show characteristic patterns in human pedigrees
16.3 Genetic Linkage
Nearby genes in the same chromosome show linkage
The frequency of recombination is a measure of the genetic distance between linked genes
Genetic mapping assigns a location to each gene along a chromosome
How do we know? Can recombination be used to construct a genetic map of a chromosome?
Genetic risk factors for disease can be localized by genetic mapping
16.4 Inheritance of Genes in the Y Chromosome
Y-linked genes are transmitted from father to son
How can the Y chromosome be used to trace ancestry?
16.5 Inheritance of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA
Mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes often show uniparental inheritance
Maternal inheritance is characteristic of mitochondrial diseases
How can mitochondrial DNA be used to trace ancestry?
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 17 The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits
17.1 Heredity and Environment
Complex traits are affected by the environment
Complex traits are affected by multiple genes
The relative importance of genes and environment can be determined by differences among individuals
Genetic and environmental effects can interact in unpredictable ways
17.2 Resemblance Among Relatives
For complex traits, offspring resemble parents but show regression toward the mean
Heritability is the proportion of the total variation due to genetic differences among individuals
17.3 Twin Studies
Twin studies help separate the effects of genes and environment in differences among individuals
How do we know? What is the relative importance of genes and of the environment for complex traits?
17.4 Complex Traits in Health and Disease
Most common diseases and birth defects are affected by many genes, each with a relatively small effect
Human height is affected by hundreds of genes
Can personalized medicine lead to effective treatments of common diseases?
Core Concepts Summary
Chapter 18 Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation
18.1 Chromatin to Messenger RNA in Eukaryotes
Gene expression can be influenced by chemical modification of DNA or histones
Gene expression can be regulated at the level of an entire chromosome
Transcription is a key control point in gene expression
RNA processing is also important in gene regulation
18.2 Messenger RNA to Phenotype in Eukaryotes
Small regulatory RNAs inhibit translation or promote mRNA degradation
Translational regulation controls the rate, timing, and location of protein synthesis
Protein structure and chemical modification modulate protein effects on phenotype
How do lifestyle choices affect expression of your personal genome?
18.3 Transcriptional Regulation in Prokaryotes
Transcriptional regulation can be positive or negative
Lactose utilization in E. coli is the pioneering example of transcriptional regulation
How do we know? How does lactose lead to the production of active β-galactosidase enzyme?
The repressor protein binds with the operator and prevents transcription, but not in the presence of lactose
The function of the lactose operon was revealed by genetic studies
The lactose operon is also positively regulated by CRP–cAMP
Transcriptional regulation determines the outcome of infection by a bacterial virus
Visual Synthesis: Virus: A Genome in Need of a Cell
Core Concepts Summary

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