Bioremediation and Sustainable Technologies for Cleaner Environment 1st Edition by Marimuthu Prashanthi, Rajakumar Sundaram, Aravind Jeyaseelan, Thamaraiselvi Kaliannan 3319484396 9783319484396

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ISBN 10: 3319484396

ISBN 13: 9783319484396

Author: Marimuthu Prashanthi, Rajakumar Sundaram, Aravind Jeyaseelan, Thamaraiselvi Kaliannan  

This book offers insights into the current focus and recent advances in bioremediation and green technology applications for waste minimization and pollution control. Increasing urbanization has an impact on the environment, agriculture and industry, exacerbating the pollution problem and creating an urgent need for sustainable and green eco-friendly remediation technology. Currently, there is heightened interest in environmental research, especially in the area of pollution remediation and waste conversion, and alternative, eco-friendly methods involving better usage of agricultural residues as economically viable substrates for environmental cleanup are still required. The book offers researchers and scholars inspiration, and suggests directions for specific waste management and pollution control. The research presented makes a valuable contribution toward a sustainable and eco-friendly societal environment.

Bioremediation and Sustainable Technologies for Cleaner Environment 1st table of contents: 

1 Biological Perspective and Role of Bacteria in Pesticide Degradation
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Intra Multiple Properties of Pesticides
3 Biodegradation Process
4 Bacterial Degradation of Pesticides
4.1 Genetics for Pesticide Degradation
5 Limitations of Bioremediation
6 Conclusion
References
2 Nanobioremediation Technologies for Sustainable Environment
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Biosynthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles 
3 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 
4 Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles 
5 Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles 
6 Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles 
7 Nano Bioremediation
8 Conclusions
References
3 Stabilization of Market Vegetable Waste through the Process of Vermicomposting by Eisenia Foetida
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 pH: Electrometric Method 
2.2 Electrical Conductivity 
2.3 Total Organic Carbon 
2.4 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
2.5 Phosphorus 
2.6 Potassium 
3 Results and Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
4 Bioremediation—A Ecosafe Approach for Dairy Effluent Treatment
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Bioremediation
1.2 In Situ Bioremediation
1.3 Ex Situ Bioremediation
2 Dairy Industry
3 Conclusion
References
5 Application of Bioremediation on Food Waste Management for Cleaner Environment
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Characteristics and Treatment of Various Food Industries
2.1 Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry
2.2 Fermentation Industry
2.3 Dairy Industry
2.4 Meat and Poultry Industry
3 Advantages of Bioremediation
4 Limitation of Bioremediation
5 Conclusion
References
6 The Role of Decomposer Animals in Bioremediation of Soils
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Importance of Soil Animal (Earthworm) in Bioremediation of Soil
2.1 Earthworm Abiotic and Biotic Effects Upon the Soil Environment
2.1.1 Abiotic Effects
2.1.2 Biotic Effects
2.1.3 Bioremediation Limitation
3 Soil Animals as Indicators of Environmental Contamination
4 Potential Utilization of Soil Animals in Bioremediation
5 Conclusion
References
7 The Role of Eudrillus eugenia in the Degradation of Paper Cup Waste and the Morphological, Physiol
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Preparation of Experimental Media
2.1.1 Extract of Earthworm
2.1.2 Antioxidative Enzyme Assay
2.1.3 Comet Assay
2.1.4 Histopathological Study
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Antioxidative Assay
3.1.1 Variation in CAT
3.1.2 Variation in GST
3.1.3 Variation in GPX
3.1.4 Variation in SOD
3.1.5 Variation in Protein
3.2 Comet Assay
3.3 Histological Analysis
3.4 Regaining the Metabolic Process
4 Conclusion
References
Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Hazardous Compounds
8 Nitrate Removal from Ground Water Through Lab Scale Bioreactor Using Dissimilatory Nitrate Reducer
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Water Sample Collection
2.2 Estimation of Physico-Chemical Parameters
2.3 Bacterial Isolation and Identification
2.4 Nitrate Reduction in Ground Water Through a Bioreactor
2.5 Secondary Treatment for the Removal of Nitrate and Microbial Biomass
2.6 Effect of Various Disinfectants on the Removal of Bacteria
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Nitrate Removal from Ground Water Using Pilot Lab Scale Bioreactor Model
3.2 Physico-Chemical Parameter of Ground Water Samples
3.3 Secondary Treatment for the Removal of Trace Nitrate and Microbial Biomass
3.4 Disinfectant Study
3.4.1 Effect of Boiling Technique on Bacterial Population
3.4.2 Effect of Membrane Filter Method and UV Radiation on Bacterial Population
3.4.3 Effect of Chlorine Treatment on Bacterial Population
3.5 Analysis of Correlation (R2 Score) for Nitrate Removal Through Lab Scale Bioreactor
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9 Catalytic Degradation of Reactive Red 120 by Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Azadirachta
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods and Materials
2.1 Preparation of Extracts and Synthesis of CuO NP’s
2.2 Characterization of CuO NP’s
2.3 Photocatalytic Degradation
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles
3.2 FT-IR Analysis
3.3 TEM with SAED Pattern Analysis of Copper Nanoparticles
3.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Red Dye
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
10 Removal of Nickel from Synthetic Waste Water Using Gooseberry Seeds as Biosorbent
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Collection and Preparation of Adsorbent
2.2 Batch Adsorption Studies
2.3 Preparation of Metal Solution
2.4 Nickel Analysis
2.5 Removal Efficiency
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
3.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis
3.3 Batch Adsorption Studies
3.3.1 Effect of pH
3.3.2 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
3.3.3 Effect of Contact Time
3.3.4 Effect of Initial Metal Ion Concentration
3.4 Equilibrium Adsorption Isotherm Studies
3.5 Langmuir Isotherm Model
3.6 Freundlich Isotherm Model
3.7 Harkins–Jura (H–J) Isotherm Model
3.8 Temkin Isotherm Model
3.9 Dublin–Radushkevich (D–R) Isotherm Model
3.10 Frumkin Isotherm Model
3.11 Separation Factor
3.12 Equilibrium Adsorption Kinetics Studies
3.13 Pseudo First Order Kinetics
3.14 Pseudo-Second Order Kinetics
3.15 Thermodynamic Studies
3.15.1 Effect of Temperature
4 Conclusion
References
11 Bioremediation of Congo-Red Dye by Using Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Bacillus sps
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods and Materials
2.1 Microorganisms
2.2 Chemicals
2.3 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
2.4 Studies on Effect of AgNO3 Concentration, pH and Time
2.5 Characterization Studies of AgNPs
2.6 Decolourization Studies
2.7 Antibacterial Studies
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Studies on Effect of AgNO3 Concentration, PH and Time
3.2 Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles
3.2.1 UV-Visible Spectra Analysis
3.2.2 FTIR Spectra Analysis
3.2.3 SEM Analysis
3.3 Decolourization Studies
3.4 Antibacterial Activity
4 Conclusion
References
12 Long Term Impact of Irrigation with Textile Waste Water and an Ecofriendly Approach for Heavy Met
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Physico-chemical Characterization of Effluent, Soil and Crop
2.2 Characterization of Pennisetum typhoides Seeds Elemental Analysis
2.3 Enumeration, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria
2.4 Maximum Resistance Levels (MRL) of Bacterial Isolates Against Cr and Zn
2.5 Bioaccumulation Potential of Bacterial Isolates
2.5.1 Optimization of the Accumulation Process in Bacteria
2.6 Bioremoval of Cr (VI) and Zn (II) Ions from Waste Water Through Accumulation Process
2.7 Toxicity Assessment of Treated Waste Water—Bioaccumulation Process
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Physico-chemical Characterization of Effluent, Soil and Crop
3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy—Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM–EDX) of Pennisetum typhoides Seeds
3.3 Enumeration, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria
3.4 Maximum Resistance Levels (MRL) of Bacterial Isolates Against Cr and Zn
3.5 Bioaccumulation Potential of Bacterial Isolates
3.5.1 Optimization of the Accumulation Process in Bacteria
3.6 Bioremoval of Cr (VI) and Zn (II) Ions from Waste Water Through Accumulation Process
3.7 Toxicity Assessment of Treated Waste Water—Bioaccumulation Process
4 Conclusion
References
13 Preparation of Ficus benghalensis Bark Activated Carbon and its Use as an Adsorbent for the Remov
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Preparation and Characterization of FBBAC
2.2 Adsorption Study
2.2.1 Contact Time and Initial BPA Concentration Study
2.2.2 Adsorption Dose Studies
2.2.3 Effect of pH Study
2.3 Adsorption Isotherm Kinetics Studies
2.4 Batch Desorption Study
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of Prepared Activated Carbon
3.2 Effect of Contact Time, Initial BPA Concentration and Carbon Dose
3.3 Effect of pH on BPA Adsorption
3.4 Adsorption Isotherm Analysis
3.5 Desorption Studies
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
14 Cow Dung Bioremediation of Pharmaceuticals, Pesticides and Petrochemicals for Cleaner Environment
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Manure Production Per Animal
3 Bioremediation of Pharmaceuticals, Pesticides and Petrochemicals
4 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
4.1 Antimicrobial Agents
4.2 Biomedical Waste Degrader
4.3 Pesticides
5 Conclusion
References
15 Treatment of Textile Effluent by Phytoremediation with the Aquatic Plants: Alternanthera sessilis
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Experimental Setup
2.2 Analytical Methods
3 Result and Discussions
3.1 Physico-Chemical Characterization of Textile Effluents
3.2 Effect on Temperature
3.3 Effect on PH
3.4 Effect on Electrical Conductivity
3.5 Effect on Total Solids
3.6 Effect on Total Dissolved Solids
3.7 Effect on Total Suspended Solids
3.8 Effect on Total Alkalinity
3.9 Effect on Total Hardness
3.10 Effect on Chloride
3.11 Effect on Dissolved Oxygen
3.12 Effect on Biological Oxygen Demand
3.13 Effect on Chemical Oxygen Demand
4 Conclusion
References
Bioenergy Production for Cleaner Environment
16 Bioconversion of Cellulosic Waste into Bioethanol—A Synergistic Interaction of Trichoderma Viri
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Production of Bioethanol
3 Results
3.1 Phenotypic Characterization of Known and Unknown Fungi
3.2 Cultural and Morphological Characteristics of Trichoderma Viride Isolated from Paddy Fields of T
3.3 Identification of Unknown Fungi by Molecular Method Using Gene Specific Primers
3.4 Cellulolytic Activity of Standard Trichoderma Viride
3.5 Cellulase Production and Estimation by DNS Method
3.6 Production of Bioethanol
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
Reference
17 Efficient Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Potential Challenges and Future Perspectives for
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Pre-treatment Strategies for Lignocellulosic Biomass
2.1 Physical Pre-treatment
2.1.1 Physical Comminution
2.1.2 Extrusion
2.1.3 Pyrolysis
2.1.4 Irradiation
2.1.5 Pulse Electric Field
2.2 Chemical Pre-treatment
2.2.1 Acid
2.2.2 Alkali
2.2.3 Organosolv
2.2.4 Ionic Liquids 
2.2.5 Surfactant
2.3 Thermo-Physical
2.3.1 Hydrothermal Pre-treatment
2.3.2 Ultrasound
2.4 Thermo-Chemical
2.4.1 Wet Oxidation
2.4.2 Ammonia Recycle Percolation
2.4.3 Ammonia Fiber Explosion 
2.4.4 Supercritical CO2
2.5 Biological Pre-treatment
3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
3.1 Cellulose Crystallinity and Degree of Polymerization
3.2 Hemicelluose-Lignin Matrix
3.3 Surface Area and Pore Size
3.4 Enzymes Inhibitors
4 Pre-treatment-Induced Inhibitory Products
4.1 Acid Pre-treatment-Based Inhibitory Products
4.2 Alkaline Pre-treatment-Based Inhibitory Products
4.3 Oxidative Pre-treatment-Based Inhibitory Products
5 Feasibility to Counteract the Product Inhibition and Recovery Issues in Biorefineries
5.1 Selection of Appropriate Feedstock
5.2 Detoxification
5.3 Microbial Treatment 
5.4 Culturing Schemes
5.5 Microbe Selection
5.6 Genetically Modified Microbial Strains
6 Economic Viability: A Challenge for a Sustainable Biorefinery
7 Conclusion
References
18 Optimization of Media Components for Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Ralstonia eutropha Us
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Hydrolysis of Straw
2.2 Bacterial Growth in Modified Mineral Salt Media
2.3 Extraction of PHA
2.4 Analytical Methods
2.5 Plackett Burman Design
2.6 Response Surface Methodology
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Bacterial Growth and PHA Accumulation
3.2 Evaluation of Important Mineral Salts Influencing PHA Accumulation from Plackett Burman Design
3.3 Response Surface Methodology
3.4 Regression Analysis
3.5 ANOVA for Response Surface Quadratic Model
3.6 Diagnostic Plots
3.7 Response Surface Plots
4 Conclusion
References
19 Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Bioethanol Production from Parthenium hysterophorus
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Sample Preparation
2.2 Characterization of P. Hysterophorus
2.3 Pretreatment of P. Hysterophorus Using Organic Acid
2.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.5 Detoxification
2.6 Co-Fermentation
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of P. Hysterophorus
3.2 Pretreatment of P. Hysterophorus Using Organic Acid
3.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Pre-Treated P. Hysterophorus
3.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Visualization in Photographic Image of Pre-Treated P. Hystero
3.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
3.4 Detoxification and Co-fermentation
4 Conclusion
References
20 Optimization of Fermentative Hydrogen Production by Klebsiella pneumoniae KTSMBNL 11 Isolated fro
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Sample Collection
2.2 Strain Isolation and Identification
2.3 16S RDNA Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
2.4 Optimization of Serum Bottle Fermentation
2.5 Analytical Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Isolation and Identification of Hydrogen-Producing Strain
3.2 Effect of Initial pH on Hydrogen Production
3.3 Effect of Temperature on Hydrogen Production
3.4 Effect of Different Carbon Sources on Hydrogen Production
3.5 Effect of Glucose Concentration on Hydrogen Production
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Microbial Isolation for Contamination Cleanup
21 Microbial Bioremediation of Hazardous Heavy Metals
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Sources of Heavy Metals
3 Microbial Bioremediation
4 Possible Mechanisms for Bioremediation
4.1 General Mechanism
4.2 Metal Dependent Mechanism
4.3 Biosorption
4.4 Physico-chemical Mechanism
4.5 Genetic Engineering Mediated Mechanism
5 Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Bioremediation
6 Future Prospects
References
22 Screening, Isolation and Development of Fungal Consortia with Textile Reactive Dyes Decolorizing
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Dyes
2.2 Sample Collection
2.3 Isolation of Fungal Colonies from Effluent and Soil Samples
2.4 Development of Fungal Consortia and Evaluation of Its Dye Decolorizing Efficiency
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Isolation of Fungal Colonies from the Effluent and Soil Samples
3.2 Decolourization Studies
3.3 Dye Decolouration Studies of the Indigenous Fungi and Microbial Consortia
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References

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