Boron Isotopes The Fifth Element 1st Edition by Horst Marschall, Gavin Foster 3319646648 9783319646640

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ISBN-10 :  3319646648 

ISBN-13 :  9783319646640

Author: Horst Marschall, Gavin Foster 

  This new volume on boron isotope geochemistry offers review chapters summarizing the cosmochemistry, high-temperature and low-temperature geochemistry, and marine chemistry of boron. It also covers theoretical aspects of B isotope fractionation, experiments and atomic modeling, as well as all aspects of boron isotope analyses in geologic materials using the full range of solutions and in-situ methods. The book provides guidance for researchers on the analytical and theoretical aspects, as well as introducing the various scientific applications and research fields in which boron isotopes currently play a major role. The last compendium to summarize the geochemistry of boron and address its isotope geochemistry was published over 20 years ago (Grew &Anovitz, 1996, MSA Review, Vol.33), and there have since been significant advances in analytical techniques, applications and scientific insights into the isotope geochemistry of boron. This volume in the “Advances in Isotope Geochemistry” series provides a valuable source for students and professionals alike, both as an introduction to a new field and as a reference in ongoing research. Chapters 5 and 8 of this book are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com

Boron Isotopes: The Fifth Element 1st Table of contents:

1 Boron Isotopes in the Earth and Planetary Sciences—A Short History and Introduction
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A Short History of Boron Isotope Analyses
1.2.1 The Discovery of Boron Stable Isotopes
1.2.2 Natural Abundances and Variations
1.2.3 TIMS and the Establishment of Standards
1.2.4 Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Interlaboratory Comparison
1.2.5 The Development of in Situ Techniques
1.2.6 Theoretical and Experimental Boron Isotope Fractionation
1.3 The Fifth Element
Acknowledgements
References
2 Boron Isotope Analysis of Geological Materials
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Digestion and Purification Methods for Boron Isotope Analysis of Geologic Materials
2.2.1 Sample Digestion
2.2.2 Ion Exchange
2.2.3 Purification by Non Exchange Resin Methodologies
2.3 Analytical Methods for Boron Isotope Analysis of Geological Materials
2.3.1 The Isotopic Analysis of Boron in Solution Mode
2.3.1.1 Positive Ion Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry
2.3.1.2 Negative Ion Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry
2.3.1.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
2.3.2 The Isotopic Analysis of Boron in Situ
2.3.2.1 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
2.3.2.2 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry
2.4 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
3 Boron Isotope Fractionation Among Vapor–Liquids–Solids–Melts: Experiments and Atomistic Mode
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Notations
3.3 Controls of B-Isotopic Fractionation
3.4 B-Speciation in Liquids, Vapor, and Melts
3.4.1 B-Speciation in Aqueous Fluids
3.4.2 Boron Speciation in Vapor
3.4.3 Boron Speciation in Melt
3.5 Experimental Determination of B-Isotope Fractionation
3.5.1 Vapor–Liquid–Melt Boron Isotope Fractionation
3.5.1.1 Vapor–Liquid Boron Isotope Fractionation
3.5.1.2 Aqueous Fluid–Melt B-Isotope Fractionation
3.5.2 Solid–Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
3.5.2.1 Low-Temperature Solid–Aqueous Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
Carbonate–Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
Clay Mineral–Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
Boron-Isotope Fractionation in Other Low-Temperature Solid–Fluid Systems
3.5.2.2 High-Temperature Solid–Aqueous Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
Mica–Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
Tourmaline—Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
3.6 Ab Intio Prediction of B-Isotope Fractionation
3.6.1 Computational Approach
3.6.1.1 The “Single Atom Approximation” Following Bigeleisen and Mayer (1947)
3.6.1.2 Computational Technique
3.6.1.3 Error Estimation Technique
3.6.2 Computation of Fractionation Factors
3.6.2.1 Vapor
3.6.2.2 Aqueous Fluid
3.6.2.3 Pressure Dependence of the Fractionation Factor in Aqueous Fluids
3.6.3 Computationally Determined Mineral–Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
3.6.3.1 Tourmaline–Neutral Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
3.6.3.2 Boromuscovite–Strongly Basic Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
3.6.3.3 Boromuscovite–Neutral Fluid B-Isotope Fractionation
3.6.4 B-Isotope Fractionation Among Minerals
3.7 Conclusions
References
4 Boron Incorporation into Marine CaCO3
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Marine Calcium Carbonate Minerals
4.2.1 Carbonate Mineral Formation
4.2.1.1 Terrace-Ledge-Kink (TLK) Growth
4.2.1.2 Non-classical Crystal Growth
4.2.2 Impurity Incorporation in Carbonates
4.2.2.1 Reaction-Limited Impurity Incorporation
4.2.2.2 Diffusion-Limited Surface Environments
4.2.2.3 Impurity Incorporation in Non-classical Growth
4.3 Boron Incorporation in Calcium Carbonates
4.3.1 Aqueous Boron Chemistry
4.3.2 Boron in Synthetic Carbonates
4.3.2.1 Synthetic Aragonite
4.3.2.2 Synthetic Calcite
4.3.2.3 Differences Between Calcite and Aragonite
4.3.2.4 The Variability of B in Calcite: Possible Causes
4.3.2.5 The Variability of B in Calcite: A Surface Kinetic Explanation?
4.4 Boron in Carbonate Biominerals
Acknowledgements
References
5 Boron Isotopes in Foraminifera: Systematics, Biomineralisation, and CO2 Reconstruction
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Aqueous Boron Isotope Systematics
5.1.2 The Carbonate δ11B-pH Proxy
5.2 Methods of Boron Isotope Analysis in Foraminifera
5.2.1 Samples
5.2.1.1 Sample Size and Preparation
5.2.1.2 Preservation and Diagenesis
5.2.2 Cleaning of Foraminiferal Samples
5.2.3 Chemical Purification
5.2.3.1 Column Chromatography
5.2.3.2 Microsubliation
5.2.4 Mass Spectrometry
5.2.4.1 NTIMS
5.2.4.2 MC-ICPMS
5.2.4.3 In Situ Analysis
5.3 Boron Isotope Systematics in Modern Foraminifera
5.3.1 Results of Boron Isotope Calibration Studies on Modern Foraminifera
5.3.1.1 Deep Sea Benthic Foraminifera—A Model System?
5.3.1.2 Planktic Foraminifera—Key Proxy Carriers
5.3.1.3 Other Benthic Foraminifera—Enigmatic Signals in High-Mg Calcite and Aragonite
5.3.2 Discussion of Boron Isotope Calibration on Modern Foraminifera
5.3.2.1 Boron Incorporation in Foraminifera
5.3.2.2 Boron Isotope Fractionation in Foraminifera
5.3.2.3 Boron Isotope Constraints on Biomineralisation
5.4 δ11B-Derived pH and CO2
5.4.1 pH from δ11B
5.4.1.1 δ11B of Borate and pH
5.4.1.2 KB
5.4.1.3 δ11B of Seawater
5.4.2 CO2 from pH
5.5 Proxy Application: Examples
5.5.1 Glacial-Interglacial CO2
5.5.2 pH and CO2 Beyond the Ice Cores
5.6 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
6 Boron Isotopic Systematics in Scleractinian Corals and the Role of pH Up-regulation
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Calcification in Scleractinian Corals
6.3 Boron Isotopic Systematics
6.4 Boron Isotopic Compositions of Scleractinian Corals
6.5 Experimental Constraints on the Relationship Between Calcifying Fluid pH and Seawater pH
6.6 Cold-Water Corals
6.7 pH Up-Regulation in the Natural Environment
6.7.1 Corals Under Free Ocean Carbon Enrichment (FOCE) Conditions
6.7.2 Corals Under Natural Conditions of Seasonal Forcing
6.8 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
7 Boron in the Weathering Environment
Abstract
7.1 The Main Fractionating Mechanisms of Boron on Terrestrial Surfaces
7.1.1 The Crystallochemistry of Boron
7.1.2 Interaction of Dissolved Boron with Mineral Surfaces
7.1.3 Coprecipitation of Boron into Solids
7.1.4 Behavior of Boron During Evaporation and Condensation Processes
7.1.5 Behavior of Boron in Biological Processes
7.2 Biogeochemistry of Boron in the Critical Zone
7.2.1 Boron Isotopes in Precipitation
7.2.2 Boron Isotopes in Soil Profiles
7.2.3 Boron Isotopes at the Catchment Scale
7.2.4 Boron Isotopes in Groundwaters
7.2.5 Boron Isotopes in River Systems
7.2.6 Partitioning of Boron Isotopes Between Water and Modern Day River Sediments
7.2.7 Boron Isotopes in Lakes
7.3 The Riverine Input of Boron to the Ocean and Secular Evolution of the Ocean
7.3.1 The Riverine Input of Boron to the Ocean
7.3.2 Boron as an Integrated Tracer of Global Weathering and Erosion
7.3.3 The Secular Evolution of Boron Isotopes in the Ocean
7.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Boron Isotopes in the Ocean Floor Realm and the Mantle
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Oceanic Crust
8.3 Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts
8.4 Ocean Island Basalts
8.5 The Mantle
8.6 Hydrothermal Alteration and Weathering
8.6.1 Alteration of the Igneous Crust
8.6.2 Serpentinization
8.6.3 Hydrothermal Vent Fluids
8.6.4 Subaerial Hydrothermal Alteration
8.7 Oceanic Sediments
8.8 Paleo-Ocean Chemistry of Boron
8.9 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
9 Boron Isotopes as a Tracer of Subduction Zone Processes
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Metamorphic Processes in the Subducting Slab
9.2.1 Physical and Thermal Geometry of Subduction Zones
9.2.2 Subduction Metamorphism: Sediments Including Their Pore Waters
9.2.3 Subduction Metamorphism: Altered Oceanic Crust
9.2.4 Serpentinized Oceanic Floor and Mantle
9.3 Mantle Wedge Processes and the Subduction Interface
9.3.1 Boron Isotope Composition of Mantle Wedge Serpentinites
9.3.2 Role of the Subduction Interface in B Recycling
9.4 Modelling of B Isotope Fractionation During Subduction
9.5 Boron Isotope Signature of Volcanic Arcs
9.5.1 Global Boron Isotopic Database from Volcanic Arcs
9.5.2 Variations of Boron Isotope Signatures with Subducting Slab Parameters
9.5.3 Variations of Boron Isotope Signatures with Geochemical Proxies
9.6 Deep B Recycling
9.7 Outstanding Issues and Future Work Needed
Acknowledgements
References
10 Boron Isotopes in the Continental Crust: Granites, Pegmatites, Felsic Volcanic Rocks, and Related
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Boron in the Continental Crust
10.3 B-Isotope Systematics in Crustal Processes
10.3.1 Metamorphism and Partial Melting
10.3.2 Boron in Granitic Magmas
10.3.2.1 Boron in I-Type Magmas
10.3.2.2 Processes Affecting B-Isotope Composition in I-Type Magmas: Differentiation, Assimilation,
10.3.2.3 Boron in S-Type Magmas
10.3.2.4 Implications for B-Isotope Composition of the Continental Crust
10.3.3 Late-Stage Granites and Pegmatites: The Magmatic-Hydrothermal Transition
10.3.3.1 B-Isotope Variations in Early- to Late-Magmatic Tourmaline
10.3.4 Boron Isotopes in Magmatic-Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
10.3.4.1 Ore Deposits with I-Type Association
10.3.4.2 Ore Deposits with S-Type Association
10.4 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
11 The Cosmochemistry of Boron Isotopes
Abstract
11.1 Basics of Boron Isotopes
11.1.1 Boron Nucleosynthesis
11.1.2 Cosmochemistry of Boron
11.2 Boron Isotopes in the Galaxy
11.2.1 Boron Abundances in Stars
11.2.2 Boron in the Interstellar Medium
11.3 Boron Isotopes in the Early Solar System
11.3.1 Mass Spectrometry for B Isotope Measurements
11.3.2 B Isotopes in Chondritic Meteorites
11.3.3 B Isotopes in CAIs and Implications for Early Solar System Irradiation
11.3.4 B Isotopes in Chondrules
11.4 Concluding Remarks

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