Introduction to unmanned aircraft systems 3rd Edition by Kurt Barnhart, Douglas Marshall, Eric Shappee 0367366599 9780367366599

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ISBN-10 :  0367366599 

ISBN-13 :  9780367366599

Author: R. Kurt. Barnhart, Douglas M. Marshall, Eric Shappee 

Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Third Edition surveys the basics of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), from sensors, controls, and automation to regulations, safety procedures, and human factors. Featuring chapters by leading experts, this fully updated bestseller fills the need for an accessible and effective university textbook. Focussing on the civilian applications of UAS, the text begins with an historical overview of unmanned aerial vehicles, and proceeds to examine each major UAS subsystem. Its combination of understandable technical coverage and up-to-date information on policy and regulation makes the text appropriate for both Aerospace Engineering and Aviation programs.

Introduction to unmanned aircraft systems 3rd Table of contents:

1 History
1.1 The Beginning
1.2 The Need for Effective Control
1.3 The Radio and the Autopilot
1.4 The Aerial Torpedo: The First Modern Unmanned Aircraft (March 6, 1918)
1.5 The Target Drone
1.6 WWII U.S. Navy Assault Drone
1.7 WWII German V-1 Buzz Bomb
1.8 WWII German Mistletoe
1.9 Early Unmanned Reconnaissance Aircraft
1.10 Radar Decoys: 1950s–1970s
1.11 Long-Range Reconnaissance Unmanned Aircraft Systems: 1960s–1970s
1.12 First Helicopter Unmanned Aircraft Systems: 1960s–1970s
1.13 The Hunt for Autonomous Operation
1.14 The Birth of the Twin Boom Pushers
1.15 Desert Storm: 1991
1.16 Overcoming the Manned Pilot Bias
1.17 Amateur-Built Unmanned Aircraft
1.18 Will Unmanned Aircraft Systems Replace Manned Aircraft?
Discussion Questions
Notes
2 UAS Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Technology
2.2.1 Control Methods
2.2.1.1 Manual Control
2.2.1.2 Stabilized Control
2.2.1.3 Automated Control
2.3 Payloads
2.3.1 Remote Sensing
2.3.2 Passive Electro-Optical Sensors
2.3.2.1 Electro-Optical Imaging System
2.3.2.2 Visible RGB Sensors
2.3.2.3 Full-Motion Video Sensors
2.3.2.4 IR/NIR/SWIR Sensors
2.3.2.5 MWIR/LWIR Sensors
2.3.3 Active Sensors
2.3.3.1 LiDAR
2.3.3.2 Radar and Synthetic Aperture Radar
2.4.1 UAS Fleet Management Software
2.4 UAS Software for Commercial Applications
2.4.2 Autopilot Software
2.4.3 Sensor Data Asset Management
2.4.4 Analytical Photogrammetry Software
2.4.5 Change Detection and Machine Learning
2.4.6 Computer Vision
2.4.6.1 Autonomous Flight Path Algorithms
2.5 Commercial Applications
2.5.1 Building and Roof Inspections
2.5.2 Aircraft Inspections
2.5.3 Oil, Gas, Power Lines, and Nuclear Power Plants
2.5.4 Industrial Inspection
2.5.5 Civil Infrastructure
2.5.6 Electric Power Industry
2.5.7 Wind Turbine Inspection
2.5.8 Tower/Antenna Inspection
2.5.9 Oil and Gas Inspection
2.5.10 Photogrammetric Applications
2.5.11 Aerial Mapping
2.5.12 Aerial Surveying
2.5.13 Volumetrics
2.5.14 Precision Agriculture
2.5.15 Natural Resource Management
2.5.16 Aerial Filming and Photography
2.5.17 Filmmaking
2.5.18 Real Estate
2.5.19 Marketing
2.5.20 News Reporting
2.5.21 Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Emergency Response
2.5.22 Law Enforcement
2.5.23 Search and Rescue
2.5.24 Signals Intelligence
2.5.25 Communications Relay
2.5.26 Atmospheric Information Collection
2.5.27 Meteorology
2.5.28 Hazardous Material Detection
2.5.29 Radioactive Material Detection
2.5.30 Applications Requiring Physical Interaction with Substances, Materials, or Objects
2.5.31 Aerial Chemical Application
2.5.32 Water Sampling
2.5.33 Small Unmanned Cargo Aircraft Delivery
2.5.34 Large Unmanned Cargo Delivery
2.6 Additional Considerations
2.6.1 Mission Planning
2.6.2 Data Processing and Analysis
2.7 Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Note
References
3 The “System” in UAS
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 What Makes Up an Unmanned Aircraft System
3.2 UAS/RPA
3.2.1 Fixed Wing
3.2.2 Vertical Takeoff and Landing
3.2.3 Hybrid Platforms
3.3 Command and Control Element
3.3.1 Autopilot
3.3.2 Ground Control Station
3.4 Communication Data Link
3.4.1 Radio Line-of-Sight
3.4.2 Beyond Radio Line-of-Sight
3.5 Payload
3.5.1 Electro-Optical
3.5.2 Thermal Infrared
3.5.3 Spectral
3.5.4 Laser
3.6 Launch and Recovery
3.7 Human Element
Discussion Questions
4 UAS Sensing – Theory and Practice
4.1 Why We Fly
4.2 Introduction to Sensing
4.2.1 In Situ Sensing
4.2.2 Remote Sensing
4.2.3 Platform Considerations
4.3 Remote Sensing
4.3.1 Overview
4.3.2 Sensor Types
4.3.2.1 Spot Sensors
4.3.2.2 Imaging Sensors
4.3.3 Common Sensors
4.3.3.1 Visible Spectrum Cameras and Near-Infrared Cameras
4.3.3.2 Long-Wave Infrared Cameras
4.3.3.3 Hyperspectral Imagers
4.3.3.4 LiDAR
4.3.3.5 Synthetic Aperture Radar
4.4 Geospatial Data Types
4.4.1 Raster Data
4.4.2 Vector Data
4.5 Image Processing Concepts
4.5.1 Structure from Motion
4.5.1.1 Point Clouds
4.6 Data Management
4.6.1 Data Security (Cloud Security)
4.6.2 Long-Term Data Storage
4.7 Applications
4.7.1 Motion Imagery
4.7.2 Emergency Response
4.7.3 Map (Background) Imagery
4.7.4 Infrastructure Inspection
4.7.5 Vegetation Health Measurements
4.7.5.1 Vegetation Index: An Overview
4.7.5.2 UAS in Agriculture-Vegetation Indices
4.7.5.3 Thermal Mapping
4.7.5.4 Broader Vegetation Management
4.7.5.5 Airframes for Vegetation Applications
4.8 Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Bibliography
5 UAS Regulations, Standards, and Guidance
5.1 Introduction
5.2 U.S. Aviation Regulatory System
5.2.1 History of U.S. Aviation Regulations
5.2.2 Federal Aviation Administration
5.2.3 Enforcement and Sanctions
5.3 Current U.S. Regulation of Unmanned Aircraft
5.4 How the Process Works
5.5 Standards and Guidance versus Regulations
5.6 International Aviation Regulations
5.7 Other Nations’ Domestic Regulatory Efforts
5.8 The Way Forward: The Future of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Regulations
5.9 Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Notes
6 Human Factors in Unmanned Aerial Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Enormity of the Scope
6.3 A Caution Regarding Hindsight Bias
6.4 Human Perception and RPA Operations
6.5 Attention
6.6 Selective Attention
6.7 Focused Attention
6.8 Divided Attention
6.9 Sustained Attention
6.10 Human Error
6.11 Threat and Error Management
6.12 Crew Resource Management
6.13 Situation Awareness
6.13.1 Vigilance
6.13.2 Diagnosis
6.13.3 Risk Analysis
6.13.4 Action
6.14 Human–Machine Interfacing
6.15 Compatibility
6.16 Compatibility Types
Recommended Readings
Discussion Questions
References
7 Safety Assessments
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Hazard Analysis
7.2.1 Purpose
7.2.2 Preliminary Hazard List
7.2.3 Preliminary Hazard Analysis
7.2.4 Operational Hazard Review and Analysis
7.2.5 Change Analysis
7.3 Risk Assessment
7.3.1 Purpose
7.3.2 Development
7.3.3 Use
7.4 Safety Evaluation
7.4.1 Risk Assessment
7.4.2 Flight Test Cards
7.4.3 Airworthiness Certification
7.5 Accident Investigation Considerations
7.5.1 Software and Hardware
7.5.2 Human Factors
7.5.3 Suggestions
7.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
Discussion Questions
References
8 Export Control and ITAR
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Glossary of Terms for Export Control Understanding
8.3 The Sources of Export Controls
8.4 What Is Export Control?
8.5 Where Do Export Controls Come From?
8.5.1 Export Control Reform Act and UAS
8.6 Export Administration Regulations
8.6.1 Commerce Control List (CCL)
8.6.2 Missile Technology Control Regime Annex
8.7 International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR)
Category VIII – Aircraft, Space, and Associated Equipment
Category XI – Military and Space Electronics
Category XV – Spacecraft Systems and Associated Equipment Aircraft
Other USML Categories Also Have the Potential to Include Items Relevant to USML Controls
8.8 How Do Export Control Issues Come Up in Real Life?
8.9 How to Protect Export-Controlled Products and Information (“Know How”)?
8.10 What Are Export Control Violations?
8.11 How Do We Perform Work Outside of the United States?
Discussion Questions
Notes
9 Unmanned Aircraft System Design
9.1 Introduction: Mission Capability-Derived Design
9.2 The UAS Design Process
9.2.1 Design Tools
9.2.2 Design Automation and Optimization
9.3 Unmanned Aircraft Subsystems
9.3.1 Airframe
9.3.2 Propulsion System
9.3.3 Flight Control System
9.3.4 Control Station
9.3.5 Payloads
9.3.6 Communications, Command, and Control (C3)
9.4 Standards for UAS Design, Construction, and Operations
9.5 UAS Design Verification and Mission Validation
9.6 Design Characteristics for UAS
Discussion Questions
References
10 UAS Airframe Design
10.1 Introduction
10.2 A Few Observations Regarding UAS Design
10.2.1 Form Follows Function: The Best Place to Begin the Design Process
10.2.2 Economic Influences on the Design Process
10.2.3 Exogenous Factors Affecting the Design of UASs
10.2.4 Selected Preliminary Comments Relevant to UAS Flight Dynamics and Physics
10.3 Airframe Designs
10.3.1 Fixed-Wing Designs
10.3.1.1 Factors in UAS Tail Designs
10.3.1.2 Conventional Wing, Inverted-T-Tail Aircraft
10.3.1.3 Conventional Fuselage, Aft Engine Designs
10.3.1.4 Twin-Boom, Pusher-Propeller Designs
10.3.1.5 Flying Wings
10.3.1.6 Canard UASs
10.3.2 Rotating-Wing or Rotary-Wing Designs
10.3.2.1 Helicopter UAS
10.3.2.2 Multirotors
10.3.2.3 Other Rotating-Wing UASs
10.4 Launch and Recovery Systems
10.5 Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
11 UAS Propulsion System Design
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Engine Design
11.2.1 Reciprocating Engines
11.2.1.1 Four-Cycle Engines
11.2.1.2 Two-Cycle Engines
11.2.1.3 Diesel Engines
11.2.2 Wankel or Rotary Powerplants
11.2.3 Gas Turbine Engines
11.2.3.1 Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines
11.2.3.2 Turbofan Engines
11.2.3.3 Turbojets
11.2.4 Electric Motors
11.3 Propellers and Rotors on UASs
11.4 Propulsion System Design
11.4.1 Engine Subsystems
11.4.2 Propulsion System Installation
11.4.3 Hybrid Electric Systems
11.5 Safety Evaluation
11.5.1 Reliability and Risk Assessment
11.5.2 Certification
11.6 Maintainability
11.7 Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
12 UAS Subsystem Nexus: : The Electrical System
12.1 Introduction
12.2 UAS Electrical Systems: General Characteristics
12.3 sUAS Electrical Systems
12.3.1 All-Electric sUAS
12.3.1.1 Power Sources for All-Electric sUAS
12.3.1.2 Electric sUAS Propulsion
12.3.2 Nonelectrically Powered sUAS
12.4 Electrical Systems for Large UASs
12.5 Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
13 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Communications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Electromagnetic Wave (EM) Propagation
13.2.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
13.2.2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Free Space
13.3 Basic Communication System and Its Elements
13.3.1 Modulation
13.3.2 Transmitter
13.3.2.1 Frequency Hopping Technique for Transmission
13.3.3 Channel
13.3.3.1 Antenna Directivity
13.3.3.2 Antenna Gain
13.3.3.3 Antenna Polarization
13.3.4 Receiver
13.3.4.1 Signal to Noise Ratio
13.3.4.2 Receiver Sensitivity
13.3.4.3 Despreading the Signal
13.3.5 Demodulation
13.4 System Design
13.4.1 Establishing Bandwidth Requirements
13.4.2 Link Design
13.4.2.1 Reflection at Antenna–Cable Junction
13.4.2.2 Losses at the Transmitting Antenna
13.4.2.3 Losses due to Free Space Propagation
13.4.2.4 Power Received at the Receiving Antenna
13.4.2.5 Power in Decibel Milliwatt
13.4.2.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio at the Receiver
13.4.2.7 Calculation of Signal-to-Noise Margin from Receiver Sensitivity
13.5 Summary of Design Principles
13.6 Associated Problems from EMI Interference, Jamming, and Multipath
13.6.1 EMI Interference
13.6.2 Jamming
13.6.3 Multipath
13.7 Review Questions
Discussion Questions
References
14 Command and Control
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Human Element
14.3 Datalinks
14.3.1 RF Spectrum and FCC
14.3.2 Line-of-Sight Communication
14.3.3 Beyond Line-of-Sight Communication
14.3.4 Communication Protocols
14.3.4.1 MAVLink Protocol
14.3.4.2 MAVLink Header Structure
14.3.4.3 MAVLink Message (Payload) Structure
14.3.5 Error Detection/Correction
14.3.6 Encryption
14.4 UAS Flight Control
14.4.1 Autopilot Systems
14.4.2 Sensors and Components
14.4.3 Tuning
14.5 Large UAS
14.5.1 IMU/INS Stabilization Systems
14.5.2 Additional Navigation Options
14.5.3 Launch and Recovery
14.6 Open Source
14.7 Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
15 Unmanned Aircraft Subsystem Integration
15.1 The Design Process
15.2 Mission Statement and Objectives
15.3 Concept Development and Trade Studies
15.4 Preliminary Design Review
15.5 Critical Design Review
15.6 Fabrication
15.7 System Testing
15.8 Flight Testing
15.9 Concluding Remarks
Discussion Questions
References
16 Detect and Avoid
The MITRE Corporation
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 UAS as a Transformational Technology
16.1.2 Standards as a Driver for UAS Integration
16.2 Regulatory Basis
16.3 Functions of DAA System
16.3.1 Remain Well Clear
16.3.2 Collision Avoidance
16.3.3 Detect and Avoid: Subfunctions
16.4 Process and Functions of a DAA System
16.4.1 “Observe” Tasks
16.4.1.1 Detect Target
16.4.1.2 Track Target
16.4.1.3 Combine Target Tracks
16.4.2 “Orient” Tasks
16.4.2.1 Identify Object
16.4.2.2 Evaluate Threat
16.4.2.3 Prioritize Threat
16.4.3 “Decide” Tasks
16.4.3.1 Declare/Alert
16.4.3.2 Determine Maneuver
16.4.4 “Act” Tasks
16.4.4.1 Command Maneuver
16.4.4.2 Execute Maneuver
16.4.4.3 Return to Course
16.5 The Role of the Pilot
16.5.1 Pilot in-the-Loop
16.5.2 Pilot on-the-Loop
16.5.3 Pilot Off-the-loop
16.6 The Role of Air Traffic Control
16.7 DAA System Components
16.7.1 Surveillance
16.7.2 Avoidance Algorithms
16.7.3 Displays
16.8 Detect and Avoid in the Terminal Area
16.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Discussion Questions
Note
References
17 UAS in Public Safety
17.1 UAS in Public Safety: Introduction
17.2 UAS in Public Safety: Laws and Regulations
17.3 UAS in Public Safety: Policy
17.4 UAS in Public Safety: Enabling Technology
17.5 UAS in Public Safety: Training the Operator
17.6 Conclusion
Discussion Questions
18 Cybersecurity Counter Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
18.0 Problem – The Risk of Terrorist Attack vs. U.S. Air Defense System
18.0.1 Contributing Technologies
18.0.2 Attack/Defense Scenarios
18.0.3 Chapter 18 Plan
18.1 Description of the sUAS/UAS Landscape
18.1.1 Autonomy vs. Automation Levels
18.1.2 UAS Collaboration
18.2 Establishment of a Risk Metric and Attack/Defense Scenarios
18.2.1 Risk
18.2.2 Attack/Defense (A/D) Scenario Analysis
18.3 Discussion of Conventional Vulnerabilities of Air Defense Systems (ADS), Attacks by sUASs, and Countermeasures
18.3.1 What Is the Counter-UAS Problem?
18.3.2 Operational Protection from Hostile UAS Attacks – A Helicopter View
18.3.3 Countering UAS Air Threats
18.3.4 Vulnerabilities Perspective
18.3.5 Conventional Vulnerabilities of Air Defense Systems (ADS), Attacks by sUAS, and Countermeasures
18.3.6 Conventional Countermeasures against sUAS / UAS
18.3.6.1 Active Measures
18.3.6.2 Passive Measures
18.3.7 Aggressor Counter-Countermeasures Specific to UAS Deployment – SWARM
18.4 UAS Sense and Avoid Systems (SAA)
18.4.1 Airborne Sensing Systems (AS)
18.4.2 Sensor Parameters
18.4.3 Autopilot
18.4.4 SAA Services and Subfunctions
18.5 SCADA
18.5.1 “UAS Are Just Flying SCADA Machines!” (Nichols R.-0., 2016)
18.5.2 SCADA Cyber Vulnerabilities
18.5.3 SCADA Cyberattack Vectors
18.5.4 Cyberattack Taxonomy
18.5.4.1 Espionage
18.5.4.2 Software-Based Vulnerabilities
18.5.4.3 Insider Threat Vulnerabilities
18.5.4.4 Hardware-Based Vulnerabilities
18.5.4.5 Wireless Attacks
18.5.4.6 General Attack Possibilities
18.6 Counter Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS)
18.6.1 Active sUAS/UAS Countermeasures
18.6.2 Passive sUAS/UAS Countermeasures
18.6.3 Aggressor Counter-Countermeasures Specific to UAS Deployment
18.6.4 Designing for Stealth
18.6.5 Design to Acceptable Risk Level
18.6.6 Detection Signatures
18.6.7 Acoustical Signatures
18.6.8 Acoustic Signature Reductions
18.6.9 Acoustical Detection Issues
18.6.10 MEMS Gyroscope
18.6.11 Resonance Effects on MEMS
18.6.12 Countermeasures to Acoustic Attack – Gyroscopes
18.6.13 Resonance Tuning
18.6.14 SWARM C-UAS Functionality and Threats
Destructive countermeasures include
Nondestructive Countermeasures include
18.6.15 SWARM C-UAS Functionality Challenges
18.6.16 Counter-UAS as Disruptive Technology
18.6.17 Joint Forces C-UAS Challenges
18.7 Conclusions
18.8 Discussion Topics
Notes
Bibliography
19 Unmanned Traffic Management (“UTM”)
Note
20 The Future of Unmanned Aircraft Systems
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Anticipated Market Growth
20.3 The Future of UAS Market Segments
20.3.1 Private/Commercial UAS Market Segment
20.3.2 Public UAS Market Segment
20.3.3 Predicates to Future Market Access
20.3.3.1 Routine Airspace Access
20.3.3.2 Training and Certification
20.4 The Potential for Career Opportunities
20.5 Emerging Trends in Technology
20.5.1 Miniaturization
20.5.2 Power Solutions
20.5.2.1 Alternative Energy
20.5.2.2 Electric Options
20.5.3 Materials Improvements
20.5.4 Revolutionary Manufacturing
20.5.5 Computing and Artificial Intelligence
20.6 Future Applications
20.6.1 Atmospheric Satellites
20.6.2 Air Transportation
20.6.3 Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle
20.6.4 Commonality/Scalability
20.6.5 Swarming UAS
20.7 Five Years and Beyond

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