Offshore Operations and Engineering 1st Edition by Shashi Shekhar Prasad Singh, Jatin Agarwal, Nag Mani 1000731934 9781000731934

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ISBN-10 :  1000731934 

ISBN-13 : 9781000731934

Author: Shashi Shekhar Prasad Singh, Jatin Agarwal, Nag Mani 

This book provides a comprehensive understanding of each aspect of offshore operations including conventional methods of operations, emerging technologies, legislations, health, safety and environment impact of offshore operations. The book starts by coverage of notable offshore fields across the globe and the statistics of present oil production, covering all types of platforms available along with their structural details. Further, it discusses production, storage and transportation, production equipment, safety systems, automation, storage facilities and transportation. Book ends with common legislation acts and comparison of different legislation acts of major oil/gas producing nations. The book is aimed at professionals and researchers in petroleum engineering, offshore technology, subsea engineering, and Explores the engineering, technology, system, environmental, operational and legislation aspects of offshore productions systems Covers most of the subsea engineering material in a concise manner Includes legislation of major oil and gas producing nations pertaining to offshore operations (oil and gas) Incorporates case studies of major offshore operations (oil and gas) accidents and lessons learnt Discusses environment impact of offshore operations

Offshore Operations and Engineering 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Operation
1.1 Ocean Baseline
1.2 Ocean Environment
1.2.1 Metocean Condition and Study
1.2.2 Meteorology
1.2.3 Physical Oceanography
1.2.4 Metocean Data
1.3 Offshore Oil and Gas Production
1.3.1 Comparison of Onshore versus Offshore Oil Production
1.3.2 Comparision of Offshore Oil Production on the Basis of Water Depth
1.3.3 Rig Count and Utilization Rate
1.4 Offshore Operations
1.4.1 Notable Offshore Fields across the Globe
1.4.2 Major Offshore Oil Producing Countries
1.4.3 Offshore Facilities (Installations/Platforms/Rigs)
1.4.4 Types of Offshore Installations/Platforms
1.4.5 Type of Offshore Rigs
1.4.6 Challenges with Offshore Facilities
1.4.7 Ecological and Environmental Risks
1.5 How Are Offshore Operations Different from Onshore
1.5.1 Safety Requirements
1.6 Technology Wave
References
Chapter 2 Offshore Structure and Design
2.1 Structural Designing
2.1.1 Corrosion Protection
2.1.2 Cathodic Protection
2.1.2.1 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems
2.1.2.2 Sacrificial Anodes (Galvanic Action)
2.1.3 Loads
2.1.3.1 Constant Loads
2.1.3.2 Variable Loads
2.1.3.3 Environment-Dependent Loads (Normally Calculated on Historically 100-Year Return Period)
2.1.3.4 Additional Loads during Installation and Construction
2.1.3.5 Unforeseen Load
2.2 Fixed Platforms
2.2.1 Concrete Gravity Structure
2.2.1.1 Design
2.2.1.2 Construction and Installation
2.2.2 Compliant Tower and Guyed Tower
2.2.2.1 Design
2.2.2.2 Construction and Installation
2.2.3 Jacketed Platform
2.2.4 Jackup Platform/Rig
2.2.4.1 Design
2.2.4.2 Installation
2.3 Floating Platform
2.3.1 Mooring and Anchoring
2.3.1.1 Classification of Mooring Systems
2.3.1.2 Catenaries Mooring System
2.3.1.3 Single Point Mooring System
References
Chapter 3 Offshore Drilling and Completion
3.1 Offshore Drilling
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Well Planning
3.1.2.1 Geology
3.1.2.2 Completion Design
3.1.2.3 Trajectory Design
3.1.2.4 Wellbore Stability
3.1.2.5 Drilling Fluid Design
3.1.2.6 Casing Design
3.1.2.7 Cement Job Designs
3.1.2.8 Wellhead/Blowout Prevention (BOP) Design
3.1.2.9 BHA and Drill String
3.1.2.10 Bit Design
3.1.2.11 Hole Cleaning and Hydraulics
3.1.2.12 Rig Equipment
3.1.3 Rig Selection Criteria
3.1.3.1 HSE Compatibility
3.1.3.2 Technical Capability
3.1.3.3 Full-Cycle Efficiency
3.1.4 Wellbore Stability
3.1.4.1 Stress Distribution around the Wellbore
3.1.4.2 Establishing a Minimum Safe Mud Weight
3.1.4.3 Validating the Geomechanical Model
3.1.4.4 Sand Production
3.1.5 Casing Design
3.1.5.1 Casing Program
3.1.5.2 Loads Encountered While Designing Casing
3.1.6 Trajectory Design
3.1.6.1 The Target
3.1.6.2 Kick-Off Point and Build-Up Rate
3.1.6.3 Tangent Section
3.1.6.4 Drop-Off Section
3.1.6.5 Trajectory Measurements
3.1.7 Directional Drilling
3.1.7.1 Evolution of Directional Drilling
3.1.7.2 Types of Directional Wells
3.1.7.3 Conventional Drilling versus Directional Drilling
3.1.7.4 Directional Drilling Tools
3.1.7.5 Measurement While Drilling (MWD) Tool
3.1.7.6 Importance and Uses of Directional Drilling
3.1.7.7 Application of Directional Drilling
3.1.8 Dual Gradient Drilling
3.1.8.1 Introduction
3.1.8.2 Dual Gradient Drilling – Overview
3.1.8.3 Single versus Dual Gradient Drilling
3.1.8.4 Dual Gradient System
3.1.8.5 Types of Dual Gradient Drilling
3.1.8.6 Limitations of DGD
3.2 Offshore Well Completion
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Well Completion Concepts in Offshore
3.2.2.1 Classification of Completions
3.2.3 Horizontal Well Completions
3.2.3.1 Open Hole Completion
3.2.3.2 Slotted Liner Completion
3.2.3.3 Slotted Liner Completion for Zonal Isolation
3.2.3.4 Cemented and Perforated Completion
3.2.4 Intelligent Well Systems
3.2.5 Multilateral Completions
3.2.5.1 Multilateral Well Classification
3.2.5.2 Level 1 Multilateral Well
3.2.5.3 Level 2 Multilateral Well
3.2.5.4 Level 3 Well Completions
3.2.5.5 Level 4 Well Completions
3.2.5.6 Level 5 Well Completions
3.2.5.7 Level 6 Well Completions
3.2.6 Subsea Completion
3.2.6.1 Types of Subsea Completions
3.2.7 Completion Equipment
3.2.7.1 Christmas Tree (Xmas Tree)
3.2.7.2 Production Tubing
3.2.7.3 Packers
3.2.7.4 Blast Joint
3.2.7.5 Flow Coupling
3.2.7.6 Seating Nipple
3.2.7.7 Landing Nipple
3.2.7.8 Expansion Joint
3.2.7.9 Safety Joints
3.2.7.10 Safety Valves
3.2.7.11 Circulating Valves
References
Chapter 4 Offshore Oil and Gas Production and Transportation
4.1 Offshore Production Operation
4.1.1 Major Elements of Offshore Production System
4.1.1.1 Wells (Subsea/Platform Wells)
4.1.1.2 Platform Wells/Dry Trees
4.1.1.3 Subsea Wells/Wet Trees
4.1.1.4 Offshore Pipelines
4.1.1.5 Processing Platforms
4.1.1.6 Export Pipelines/Tankers for Evacuation of Oil and Gas
4.1.2 Maintenance and Supply
4.1.3 Essential Personnel/Workforce
4.1.4 Risks
4.1.4.1 Basic Protection Concepts
4.1.5 Prevention
4.1.6 Shut In
4.1.6.1 Fire and Gas Leakage Protection System
4.1.6.2 Technology Development: HIPS
4.1.6.3 Surface Facility Protection
4.1.6.4 Well Control and Protection
4.1.7 SCADA – An Essential Part of Digital Oil and Gas Field
4.1.7.1 Process Levels in SCADA
4.1.7.2 Instrumentation, Remote Sensing, and Telemetry of Real-Time Processes
4.1.8 Automated Gas Lift Optimization in Offshore
4.2 Processing in Offshore
4.2.1 Oil Treatment
4.2.1.1 Important Notes
4.2.1.2 Loading of Tankers
4.2.2 Gas Treatment
4.2.2.1 Gas Dehydration Follows the Steps Below
4.2.3 Produced Water Treatment
4.3 Sea Water Injection
4.4 Offshore Storage
4.5 Transportation of Oil and Gas
4.5.1 Oil Tankers
4.5.2 Pipelines
4.5.3 Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading (FPSO)
4.5.3.1 Single Buoy Mooring
References
Chapter 5 Utilities and Support System
5.1 Living Accommodation
5.1.1 Medical
5.1.2 Smoking and Alcohol
5.1.3 Entertainment and Recreation
5.2 Power Generation
5.2.1 Fuel Gas System
5.2.2 Utility/Diesel Generators
5.2.3 Gas Turbine Generator
5.3 Instrument and Utility Air System
5.3.1 Air Compressors
5.3.2 Instrument Air and Utility Air Systems
5.4 Hot Oil System
5.4.1 Crude Oil Heater
5.4.2 Chemical Tank
5.4.3 Glycol Reboiler
5.4.4 Skimmer Vessel
5.5 Potable Water System
5.6 Water Cooling System
5.6.1 Freshwater Cooling System
5.7 Utility Water System
5.8 Drain Header and Sump Caisson
5.9 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Equipment
5.10 Communication System
5.10.1 Satellite
5.10.2 Microwave Telecommunication
5.10.3 Optical Fibers
5.10.4 Cellular Services
5.11 Diesel System
5.12 Sewage Treatment System
5.13 Material Handling
5.14 Offshore Logistics
5.14.1 Air Logistics
5.14.2 Sea Logistics
References
Chapter 6 Deep Sea Development
6.1 Factors Driving Deep Sea Development
6.2 Deep Sea Development Options
6.2.1 Recoverable Reserves
6.2.2 Water Depth
6.2.3 Challenges in Subsea due to Water Depth
6.2.4 Production Rate
6.2.5 Reservoir Structure
6.2.6 Reservoir Production Characteristics
6.2.7 Environmental and Geological Conditions
6.2.8 Existing Infrastructure
6.3 Subsea Field Development
6.3.1 Subsea Well Completion
6.3.2 Subsea Christmas Tree
6.3.2.1 Dry Tree Systems
6.3.2.2 Wet Tree Systems
6.3.3 Subsea Tieback Development
6.3.3.1 Challenges
6.3.3.2 Stand-Alone Development
6.3.3.3 Well Groupings
6.3.3.4 Satellite Well System
6.3.3.5 Template Well System
6.3.3.6 Clustered Well System
6.3.3.7 Production Well Templates
6.3.3.8 Daisy Chain
6.3.3.9 Subsea Monitoring, Control, and Communication System
6.3.4 Main Topside Elements
6.3.4.1 MCS
6.3.4.2 Electrical Power Unit (EPU)
6.3.4.3 HPU
6.3.5 Topside Umbilical Termination Assembly (TUTA)
6.4 Subsea Elements
6.4.1 SDS Components
6.4.1.1 Umbilical
6.4.1.2 Subsea Umbilical Termination Assembly (SUTA)
6.4.1.3 Umbilical Termination Head (UTH)
6.4.1.4 Subsea Distribution Assembly
6.4.1.5 Hydraulic Distribution Manifold/Module (HDM)
6.4.1.6 Electrical Distribution Manifold/Module
6.4.1.7 Multiple Quick Connects
6.4.1.8 Hydraulic Flying Leads (HFL)
6.4.1.9 Hydraulic Couplers
6.4.1.10 Electrical Flying Leads
6.4.1.11 Logic Caps
6.4.1.12 Subsea Accumulator Module
6.4.1.13 Subsea Control Module
6.4.1.14 Transducer/Sensor
6.4.1.15 Subsea Production Control System
6.4.1.16 Types of Control Systems
6.5 Subsea Power Supply
6.6 Flow Assurance
6.6.1 Shallow versus Deep Flow Assurance Scenario
6.6.2 Flow Assurance Challenges
6.6.3 Troublemakers
6.6.3.1 Gas Hydrates
6.6.3.2 Paraffin/Wax
6.6.3.3 Asphaltene
6.6.3.4 Scales
6.6.3.5 Erosion
6.6.3.6 Corrosion
6.6.3.7 Slugging
6.6.3.8 Severe Slugging
6.6.4 Typical Flow Assurance Processes
6.6.5 Fluid Characterization and Flow Property Assessments
6.6.6 Steady-State Hydraulic and Thermal Performance Analyses
6.6.7 System Design and Operability
6.6.7.1 System Start-Up
6.6.7.2 System Shutdown
6.6.8 Transient Flow Hydraulic and Thermal Performance Analyses
6.6.9 Hydrate Prevention Methods
6.6.9.1 Thermodynamic Inhibitors
6.6.9.2 Low Dosage Inhibitors (LDIs)
6.6.9.3 Kinetic Inhibitors (KIs)
6.6.9.4 Anti-Agglomerates (AAs)
6.6.9.5 Low-Pressure Operations
6.6.9.6 Water Removal
6.6.9.7 Thermal Insulation and Heating
6.6.10 Hydrate Remediation
6.6.11 Selection of Hydrate Control Method
6.6.11.1 Gas System
6.6.11.2 Oil System
6.6.12 Wax Control Guidelines
6.6.13 Wax Management Strategy
6.6.13.1 Thermal Control
6.6.13.2 Chemical Inhibition
6.6.13.3 Thermal and Chemical Wax Dissolution
6.6.13.4 Physical Removal
6.6.14 Asphaltene
6.6.15 Corrosion
6.6.16 Internal Corrosion Prevention
6.6.16.1 Internal Coating
6.6.16.2 Internal Corrosion Inhibitors
6.6.17 External Corrosion Prevention
6.6.17.1 External Coating
6.6.18 Scales
6.6.19 Scale Management
6.6.19.1 Scale Inhibitors
6.6.20 Erosion
6.6.21 Mitigation Methods
6.6.21.1 Reduction in Production Rate
6.6.21.2 Design of Pipe System
6.6.21.3 Increasing Wall Thickness
6.6.21.4 Erosion-Resistant Material
6.7 Emerging Deepwater Technologies
6.7.1 Dry Tree Semi-Submersibles
6.7.2 Hybrid Riser System
6.7.3 Free-Standing Flexible Riser System (FSFR)
6.7.4 Multi-Lines Free Standing Riser
6.7.5 Deep Steep Riser
6.7.6 Expandable Monobore Liner Extension
6.7.7 Smart Well Technology
6.7.8 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
6.7.9 Nomad Systems
6.7.10 Subsea Multiphase Pumps
6.7.11 Subsea Processing
6.7.12 Seabed Separation
6.7.13 Subsea Pressure Boosting
References
Chapter 7 Offshore Field Development
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Offshore Marginal Field Development Exercise
7.2.1 Development Example
7.2.1.1 Field Development Scenarios: Options/Alternatives
7.2.2 Offshore Giant Field Development Exercise
7.2.2.1 The Salient Data Is
7.2.2.2 Solution Approach
Chapter 8 Health, Safety, and Environment in Offshore
8.1 Basic Definitions
8.2 Human Factors
8.3 Hazards on Oil and Gas Installations
8.4 Procedural Aspects Related to Safety
8.4.1 System Safety
8.4.1.1 Process Safety and Hydrocarbon Release
8.4.2 Process Leaks
8.4.3 Riser Leaks
8.4.4 Fire and Gas Detection and Safety System
8.4.4.1 Fire Protection
8.4.4.2 Fire
8.4.5 Safety in Logistics Operations Related to Offshore Installation
8.4.5.1 Vessel Collisions
8.4.5.2 Helicopter Incidents
8.4.5.3 Dropped Object
8.4.6 Evacuation, Escape, and Rescue (EER)
8.4.6.1 Reasons for EER
8.4.6.2 Evacuation Sequence
8.4.6.3 Life-Saving Equipment in EER
8.5 Navigation Aids
8.5.1 Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)/Search and Rescue Transponder (SART)
8.5.2 Pyrotechnics
8.6 Well Integrity
8.6.1 Well Failure: Example 1
8.6.2 Well Failure: Example 2
8.7 Life Extension and Assessment of Offshore Structures
8.7.1 Structural Collapse
8.8 Assessment Process
8.8.1 Quality of Data
8.8.2 Proof of Structural Integrity with Increased Loads
8.8.3 Capacity and Performance of Damaged Structures
8.8.4 Extended Life
8.9 IMO Resolutions
8.9.1 Resolution A. 621(15)
8.9.2 Resolution A. 671(16)
8.10 Offshore Facilities Interference
8.10.1 Protection of Offshore Facilities/Rigs
8.11 Costliest and Deadliest Events in Oil and Gas Industry
8.11.1 Bohai 2 Oil Rig Disaster, China (1979)
8.11.2 Alexander L. Kielland, North Sea, Norway (1980)
8.11.3 Ocean Ranger Oil Rig Disaster, Canada (1982)
8.11.4 Glomar Java Sea Drillship Disaster, South China Sea (1983)
8.11.5 Enchova Central Platform Disaster, Brazil (1984)
8.11.6 Piper Alpha, North Sea, United Kingdom (1988)
8.11.7 Seacrest Drillship Disaster, South China Sea, Thailand (1989)
8.11.8 Mumbai High North Disaster, Indian Ocean (2005)
8.11.9 Usumacinta Jackup Disaster, Gulf of Mexico (2007)
8.11.10 Deepwater Horizon, Gulf of Mexico (2010)
8.12 Offshore Security Threats
8.12.1 Piracy
8.12.2 Terrorism
8.12.3 Insurgency
8.12.4 Organized Crime
8.12.5 Civil Protest
8.12.6 Interstate Hostilities
8.12.7 Vandalism
8.12.8 Internal Sabotage
8.13 Trainings
8.14 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Legislations and Regulations in Offshore Operations around the World
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Europe
9.3 Norway
9.3.1 Applicable Legislation
9.4 Kuwait
9.4.1 Article 1
9.4.2 Article 2
9.4.3 Article 3
9.4.4 Article 4
9.4.5 Article 5
9.4.6 Article 6
9.4.7 Article 7
9.4.8 Article 8
9.4.9 Article 9
9.4.10 Article 10
9.4.11 Article 11
9.4.12 Article 12
9.5 Australia
9.6 Egypt
9.6.1 Regulation
9.6.2 Directive on Offshore Safety
9.7 Qatar
9.7.1 Government Policy Objectives
9.7.2 Regulation
9.7.3 The Regulatory Regime
9.8 Russia
9.8.1 Regulatory Bodies
9.8.1.1 Oil and Natural Gas
9.8.2 Russian Legislation Regulating Foreign Investments
9.8.3 Rules for Offshore Companies
9.9 India
9.9.1 Domestic Production
9.9.2 Government Policy Objectives
9.9.3 Regulation
9.9.4 Legal Framework on Minerals Mining in India
9.9.5 Offshore Areas Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 2002
9.9.6 Offshore Areas Mineral Concession Rules, 2006
9.9.7 Other Regulatory Requirements
9.10 United States
9.10.1 Government Policy Objectives
9.10.2 Regulation
9.10.3 Lease/License/Concession Term
9.11 Canada
9.11.1 Regulation
9.12 Saudi Arabia

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