Particle Radiotherapy Emerging Technology for Treatment of Cancer 1st Edition by Arabinda Kumar Rath, Narayan Sahoo ISBN 8132226216 978-8132226215

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ISBN 10: 8132226216
ISBN 13: 978-8132226215
Author: Arabinda Kumar Rath, Narayan Sahoo 

The results of decades of research and development are providing compelling evidence about the efficacy of radiation therapy with proton and carbon ion beams to achieve superior complication free tumor control leading to a world-wide rapid growth in their clinical use. This book contains comprehensive reviews of the state of the art of the technology and physics of heavy charge particle therapy by the experts from the leading cancer centers of world that will be valuable as a practical guide for radiation therapy professionals interested in these modalities.

Particle Radiotherapy Emerging Technology for Treatment of Cancer 1st  Table of contents:

1: Particle Radiotherapy: An Introduction

1.1 History of Development

1.2 Physical Basis of Particle Therapy

1.3 Facilities and Patients Statistics

1.4 Physical Advantages Versus Clinical Realities

1.5 The Cost Factor

1.6 Consolidation Phase and Future Outlook

References

2: Particle Therapy in the Third Millennium: Current Status and Future Outlook

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Rationale for Charged Particle Therapy

2.3 Current Status

2.3.1 Interfractional Variations

2.3.2 Respiratory Motion

2.3.3 Relative Biological Effectiveness

2.4 Current Research and Future Outlook

2.4.1 Robustness Evaluation and Robust Optimization

2.4.2 Accurate Determination of RBE

2.4.3 Determination of Optimum Ions

2.5 Summary

References

3: Development of Cyclotrons for Proton and Particle Therapy

3.1 Accelerator Basics

3.2 Proton Therapy: From Laboratory to Dedicated Medical Facility

3.3 Overview of Commercial Cyclotrons

3.3.1 Isochronous Cyclotrons

3.3.2 Superconducting Synchrocyclotrons

3.4 Future Cyclotrons for Particle Therapy

3.4.1 Proton Therapy

3.4.2 Heavy Ion Therapy

Bibliography

4: Development of C-Ion Radiotherapy Technologies in Japan

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Development of Beam Delivery Technologies in HIMAC

4.2.1 HIMAC

4.2.2 Respiratory-Gated Irradiation Method

4.2.3 Layer-Stacking Irradiation Method

4.2.4 Improvement of Beam-­Wobbling Method

4.3 Next-Generation Beam Delivery Technology

4.3.1 Pencil-Beam 3D Scanning for Moving-Tumor Treatment

4.3.1.1 Phase-Controlled Rescanning Method (Lateral Scan)

4.3.1.2 Depth Scan

4.3.1.3 Experimental Study

4.3.2 Rotating Gantry

4.3.3 New Treatment Research Facility

4.4 Standard Carbon-Ion RT Facility

4.4.1 Design Consideration

4.4.1.1 Residual Range

4.4.1.2 Field Size and SOBP

4.4.1.3 Dose Rate

4.4.1.4 Number of Annual Treatments

4.4.2 Pilot Facility

4.4.3 Following Projects

4.5 Summary

References

5: Physical Rationale for Proton Therapy and Elements to Build a Clinical Center

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Physical Bases of Proton Therapy

5.2.1 The Nuclear Interactions

5.2.2 The Inelastic Collisions with Electrons: The Dose and the Bragg Peak

5.2.3 The Multiple Coulomb Scattering

5.3 Technology and Logistics to Plan and Deliver Proton Therapy

5.3.1 The Beam Characteristics and the Treatment Planning System

5.3.2 The Technological Development

5.3.3 The Patient Positioning: Robotics and Imaging

5.3.4 The Management of the Range Uncertainty

5.4 Most Usual Clinical Applications

5.5 Proton Therapy Research and Development in Physics and Biology

5.6 Basic Elements to Conceive and to Build a Clinical Center

Conclusions

References

6: Radiation Dosimetry of Proton Beams

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Dosimeters Used in Proton Beam Dosimetry

6.3 Dosimetry under Reference Condition

6.3.1 Calorimeter

6.3.2 Proton Beam Calibration with Ionization Chamber

6.3.2.1 Proton Beam Dose Monitor Calibration Using IAEA TRS 398 Protocol

6.3.2.2 Calibration of the Dose Monitors for Proton Pencil Beam Spots

6.3.3 Fluence-Based Reference Dosimetry

6.4 Proton Beam Dosimetry under Non-reference Conditions

6.4.1 Passive Scattering Proton Beam Dosimetry under Non-­reference Conditions

6.4.2 Proton Dose Calculation Using the Semiempirical Analytical Methods

6.4.3 Depth-Dose Measurement

6.4.4 Transverse Profile Measurements

6.4.5 Scanned Proton Pencil Beam Spot (PPBS) Dosimetry under Non-reference Conditions

6.4.5.1 Dosimetry of PPBS

6.4.5.2 Spot Profile Measurement

6.4.5.3 The Planar Integral Depth-Dose for PPBS

6.4.6 Monitor Unit Determination for Passive Scattering Proton Fields

6.4.7 Monitor Units for Fields of Scanned Proton Pencil Beam Spots (PPBS)

6.4.8 Patient Treatment Field Dose Verification

6.4.9 Phantoms for Proton Dosimetry

6.4.10 Summary

References

7: Clinical Pencil Beam Scanning: Present and Future Practices

7.1 Selecting Pencil Beam Scanning as the Beam Delivery Technique

7.2 Commissioning a Pencil Beam Scanning Facility

7.2.1 Spot Size, Shape, and Geometrical Accuracy

7.2.2 Monitor Chamber Calibration

7.3 Treatment Planning System

7.3.1 Plan Robustness Analysis

7.4 Improving Treatment Planning and Delivery

7.4.1 Robust Optimization

7.5 Treatment of Moving Tumors

References

8: Treatment Planning for Protons: An Essay

8.1 A Brief History of Protons at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory

8.2 Implication for Modern Radiotherapy

8.3 Aims of Modern Radiotherapy and Proton Radiotherapy

8.4 Requirements for Treatment Planning

8.5 Case Study

8.5.1 Volumetric Studies

8.5.2 Prescription and Course Considerations

8.5.3 Field Considerations

8.5.4 Plan Optimization

8.5.5 Plan Robustness

8.5.6 Dose Quality

8.6 Conclusion

References

9: Radiation Therapy with Protons and Heavy Ions

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Physical Characteristics of Heavy Charged Particles

9.3 Biological Characteristics of Heavy Charged Particles

9.4 Therapy Planning

9.5 Clinical Facilities and Research

References

10: Robustness Quantification and Worst-Case Robust Optimization in Intensity-­Modulated Proton T

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Robustness Quantification

10.3 Worst-Case Robust Optimization

10.3.1 How to Account for Respiratory Motion

10.4 Discussion

10.4.1 Worst-Case Dose Distribution

10.4.2 Understanding of Robust Optimization Results

10.4.3 Additional Advantages of Robust Optimization

10.5 Conclusion and Future Directions

References

11: Modeling of Biological Effect of Charged Particles for C-Ion RT

11.1 Progress of Biological Models

11.1.1 Target Theory

11.1.2 Linear-Quadratic Model

11.1.3 Model for Therapeutic Application

11.2 NIRS C-Ion RT Model (Version 1)

11.2.1 Concept of NIRS Model

11.2.2 Design of Clinical Dose Distribution

11.2.3 Verification of the NIRS Model

11.3 GSI C-Ion RT Model (LEM)

11.3.1 Concept of LEM

11.3.2 Biological Calculation with LEM

11.3.3 Clinical Application of LEM

11.4 NIRS C-Ion RT Model (Version 2, MKM)

11.4.1 Concept of MKM

11.4.2 Calculation with MKM

11.5 Translation between NIRS and GSI Models

References

12: SFUD, IMPT, and Plan Robustness

12.1 Introduction

12.2 SFUD and IMPT

12.2.1 Selection, Initial Weighting, and Optimization of Pencil Beams

12.2.2 Combining Fields: Single-­Field, Uniform Dose (SFUD), and Intensity-Modulated Proton Thera

12.2.3 Plan Degeneracy and Multi Criteria Optimization

12.3 The Problem of Range Uncertainty

12.3.1 Sources of Delivery Uncertainties

12.3.2 CT Calibration

12.3.3 Range Extension Due to RBE

12.3.4 CT Artifacts

12.3.5 Patient Anatomy Variations

12.3.6 In Range Verifications

12.4 The Problem of Motion

12.4.1 The Interplay Effect

12.4.2 Motion Mitigation

12.4.2.1 Gating

12.4.2.2 Rescanning

12.4.2.3 Tracking

12.5 Summary

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Tags: Arabinda Kumar Rath, Narayan Sahoo, Particle Radiotherapy, Emerging Technology