Sports nutrition for paralympic athletes 2nd Edition by Elizabeth Broad 0429491956 9780429491955

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ISBN-10 :  0429491956 

ISBN-13 :  9780429491955

Author:  Elizabeth Broad 

Sports participation opportunities for individuals with impairments are increasing. Whether an athlete is beginning a sport or competing on the world stage for a podium finish, nutrition is recognized as being integral to optimizing their health, training capacity, and performance. Some athletes with impairments are physiologically similar to their able-bodied counterparts, whereby the application of sports nutrition principles is straightforward. However, athletes with certain impairments require a very individualized approach when applying these principles in a practical way. Fully updated and expanded, this second edition of Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes is an essential resource for sports nutrition practitioners who work alongside athletes with an impairment, whether that be physical, visual, hearing, or intellectual. In addition to chapters devoted to each impairment type, this book covers specific areas including medical considerations, body composition, supplements, and practical aspects that can be applied across all athletes and sports. 

Sports nutrition for paralympic athletes 2nd Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Outline of This Book
1.2 The Sports Nutrition Pathway – From Rehabilitation to High Performance
References
Recommended Reading
Chapter 2: Sport for Individuals with an Impairment
2.1 History of Sport for Individuals with an Impairment
2.2 The Paralympic Movement
2.3 Paralympic Sports
2.4 Classification
2.4.1 Historical Perspective
2.4.2 Current Paralympic Classification
2.4.3 Towards Sport-Specific Evidence-Based Classification in Para-Sport
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Principles of Sports Nutrition
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Goals of Training Nutrition
3.2.1 Achieving Optimal Energy Availability for Training Support and Health
3.2.1.1 Resting Energy Expenditure
3.2.1.2 Energy Expenditure of Exercise and Total Daily Energy Requirements
3.2.2 Changing Body Composition
3.2.3 Fuelling Training Sessions
3.2.4 Practising Competition Strategies of Fuelling and Hydration
3.2.5 Recovering between Workouts
3.2.5.1 Refuelling
3.2.5.2 Rehydration
3.2.5.3 Repair/Adaptation
3.2.5.4 Revitalisation
3.2.6 Minimising Illness and Injury
3.2.6.1 Carbohydrate and Total Energy Intake
3.2.6.2 Protein and Amino Acids
3.2.6.3 Fatty Acids
3.2.6.4 Antioxidants and Polyphenols
3.2.6.5 Probiotics
3.2.6.6 Calcium
3.2.6.7 Iron
3.2.6.8 Vitamin D
3.2.7 Special Issues and Controversies in Training Nutrition
3.3 Competition Nutrition
3.3.1 Limitations to Performance during Competition
3.3.2 Precompetition Fuelling
3.3.3 The Pre-Event Meal
3.3.4 Fluid Intake during Exercise
3.3.5 Fuel Intake during Competition
3.3.6 Recovery between Events
3.4 Summary
Special Commentary: Weight Category Sports
Recommended Readings
References
Chapter 4: Energy Availability in Para Athletes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 What Is Energy Availability?
4.2.1 Low Energy Availability: Causes
4.2.2 Low Energy Availability: Consequences
4.3 Energy Availability in Athletes: Assessment
4.4 Energy Availability in Para Athletes
4.4.1 Limitations in Assessing Energy Availability in a Para Population
4.4.1.1 Energy Intake
4.4.1.2 Exercise Energy Expenditure
4.4.1.3 Body Composition Assessment
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Cooling and Hydration for the Para Athlete
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Abnormal Sweat Rates and Poor Thermoregulation in the Para Athlete
5.3 Cooling Strategies for the Para Athlete
5.3.1 Cooling Garments
5.3.2 Water Immersion
5.3.3 Artificial Sweat
5.3.4 Ice Slurry Ingestion
5.3.5 Pre- and During-Exercise Cooling Combination
5.3.6 Subjective Ratings of Coolness
5.3.7 Duration and Timing of Cooling
5.4 Heat Acclimation
5.5 Hydration for the Para Athlete
5.5.1 Strategies for Assessing Hydration
5.5.2 Fluid Needs Before and During Exercise
5.5.3 Fluid Needs After Exercise
5.6 Practical Hydration and Cooling Tips for the Para Athlete
References
Chapter 6: Spinal Cord Injuries
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Spinal Cord Injury
6.2.1 Physiological Adaptations Following a Spinal Cord Injury
6.2.2 Energy Expenditure
6.2.2.1 Resting Energy Expenditure
6.2.2.2 Exercise Energy Expenditure
6.2.3 Gastric Emptying
6.3 Nutritional Requirements and Behaviours
6.3.1 Macronutrient Requirements
6.3.1.1 Carbohydrate Ingestion Before or During Exercise in Athletes with SCI
6.3.1.2 Protein and Amino Acids
6.3.2 Micronutrient Requirements
6.3.3 Additional Nutrients
6.4 Sweat Losses and Fluid Replacement
6.5 Practical Aspects
6.5.1 How Should an Athlete with SCI Approach Changing Their Body Composition?
6.5.2 How Can an Athlete with SCI Measure and Maintain Their Hydration Status?
6.5.3 Practitioner’s Note
Dr Sophie Killer
6.6 Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 7: Nutrition for Athletes with Cerebral Palsy and Acquired Brain Injuries
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of Cerebral Palsy
7.2.1 Classification of Cerebral Palsy in Sport
7.3 Body Composition
7.3.1 Growth
7.3.2 Muscle
7.3.3 Bone
7.3.4 Body Composition Assessment
7.3.4.1 Height
7.3.4.2 Surface Anthropometry
7.3.4.3 Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
7.3.4.4 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
7.3.4.5 Body Fat
7.4 Energy
7.4.1 Energy Requirements
7.4.2 Energy Availability
7.5 Fatigue and Recovery
7.5.1 Injury Risk
7.5.2 Pain
7.6 Nutritional Needs
7.6.1 Carbohydrate and Fibre
7.6.2 Protein
7.6.3 Fat
7.6.4 Micronutrients
7.6.5 Fluid
7.7 Food Preparation and Cooking
7.8 Travel
7.9 Supplements
7.10 Conclusion
Key Messages
References
Chapter 8: Nutrition for Amputees
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Characteristics and Physiology of Athletes with an Amputation
8.2.1 Medical Issues in Athletes with an Amputation
8.2.2 Common Injuries in Athletes with an Amputation
8.2.2.1 Skin Injuries
8.2.2.2 Compensatory-Related Injuries
8.2.2.3 Overuse Injuries
8.2.2.4 Bone Mineral Density in Amputees
8.3 Energy Expenditure in Athletes with an Amputation
8.3.1 Do Prostheses Offer an Advantage to Athletes with an Amputation?
8.4 Specific Nutrition Considerations in Athletes with an Amputation
8.4.1 Carbohydrate and Fuelling
8.4.2 Protein and Recovery
8.4.3 Hydration and Cooling
8.4.4 Nutritional Interviews with Paralympic Amputees
8.4.4.1 Body Composition and Maintaining Prosthesis Fit
8.4.4.2 Travel
8.4.4.3 Hydration and Thermoregulation
8.4.4.4 Future Health Concerns
8.5 Anthropometry and Body Composition Considerations in Athletes with an Amputation
8.6 Future Research
References
Chapter 9: Other Physical Impairments
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Short Stature
9.3 Multiple Sclerosis
9.4 Friedreich’s Ataxia and Muscular Dystrophies
9.5 Severe Burns
References
Chapter 10: Vision and Hearing Impairment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Characteristics of Vision Impairment
10.3 Causes of Vision Impairments
10.3.1 Retinitis Pigmentosa
10.3.2 Diabetic Retinopathy
10.3.3 Albinism
10.3.4 Stargardt Disease
10.4 Dietary Intakes and Needs of Athletes with Vision Impairment
10.5 Influence of vision Impairment on Circadian Rhythm and Sleep
10.6 Practical Issues for Athletes with a vision Impairment
10.7 Hearing Impairment
10.8 Summary and Take-Home Messages
References
Chapter 11: Intellectual Impairments
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Autism Spectrum
11.3 Down Syndrome
11.4 Sports Nutrition Issues with Intellectual Impairments
11.4.1 Body Composition
11.4.2 Energy Expenditure
11.4.3 Clinical Nutrition Needs
11.4.4 Bone Density
11.4.5 Supplements
11.5 Practical Considerations
11.6 Conclusion and Key Messages
References
Chapter 12: Medical Issues, Pharmacology and Nutrient Interaction
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Spinal Cord Injury and Cerebral Palsy
12.2.1 Musculoskeletal System
12.2.2 Integumentary System
12.2.3 Central Nervous System
12.2.4 Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Systems
12.3 Vision and Auditory Impairment
12.3.1 Musculoskeletal System
12.4 Amputee and Other Physical Impairments
12.4.1 Musculoskeletal System
12.4.2 Central Nervous System
12.4.3 Integumentary System
12.5 Traumatic Brain Injury
12.5.1 Central Nervous System
12.5.2 Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Systems
12.5.3 Integumentary System
12.6 Pharmacology and Nutrient Interactions
12.6.1 Antacids
12.6.2 Antibiotics
12.6.3 Anticholinergics
12.6.4 Anticoagulants
12.6.5 Bisphosphonates
12.6.6 Bronchodilators
12.6.7 Herbal Products
12.6.8 Myotonolytics
12.6.9 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
12.6.10 Sildenafil
12.6.11 Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors)
12.6.12 Iron and Drug Interactions
12.6.13 Nutrient-Drug Interactions Among Athletes with Impairment and Concomitant Hypertension
12.7 Conclusion
References
Chpater 13: Assessing Body Composition of Athletes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Physique Assessment Techniques
13.2.1 Air Displacement Plethysmography
13.2.2 Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
13.2.3 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
13.2.4 Surface Anthropometry
13.3 Factors Influencing Reliability of Methods
13.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Use of Supplements in Athletes with an Impairment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Framework to Decide Whether to Take a Supplement
14.2.1 What Is a Supplement?
14.2.2 Framework for Decision-Making
14.3 Potential Benefits of Dietary Supplements
14.3.1 Convenience
14.3.2 Evidence for Use
14.3.3 Individualisation
14.4 Potential Risks and Concerns When Using Supplements
14.4.1 Expense
14.4.2 Potential Negative Health Implications and Consequences of Supplement Use
14.4.3 Contamination and Doping Concerns
14.5 Supplement Use in Paralympic Athletes
14.5.1 Carbohydrate
14.5.2 Creatine Monohydrate
14.5.3 Vitamin D
14.5.4 Caffeine
14.5.5 Sodium Citrate
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Practical Sports Nutrition
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Common Practical Issues When Travelling
15.3 Practical Considerations for Specific Impairment Groups
15.3.1 Spinal Cord Injuries
15.3.2 Cerebral Palsy/Acquired Brain Injury
15.3.3 Amputees
15.3.4 Vision Impairment
15.3.5 Intellectual Impairment
15.4 Gastrointestinal Issues Specific to Para Athletes
15.5 Practical Guidance in the Kitchen
15.5.1 Fruit and Vegetables
15.5.2 Dairy
15.5.3 Breads, Grains and Cereals
15.5.4 Meats and Meat Alternatives
15.5.5 Kitchen Equipment
15.6 Conclusion
15.7 Resources for Practitioners
Chapter 16: Summary and Future Directions
16.1 Key Messages
16.2 Implications for Sports Dietitians/Nutritionists
16.3 Implications for Athletes and Coaches
16.4 Future Research Directions

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