The Biology of Mammalian Spermatogonia 1st Edition by Jon Oatley 1493975051 9781493975051

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ISBN-10 :  1493975051 

ISBN-13 :  9781493975051

Author:  Jon M. Oatley 

This book provides a resource of current understandings about various aspects of the biology of spermatogonia in mammals. Considering that covering the entire gamut of all things spermatogonia is a difficult task, specific topics were selected to provide foundational information that will be useful for seasoned researchers in the field of germ cell biology as well as investigators entering the area. Looking to the future, the editors predict that the foundational information provided in this book — combined with the advent of new tools and budding interests in use of non-rodent mammalian models — will produce another major advance in knowledge regarding the biology of spermatogonia over the next decade. In particular, we anticipate that the core molecular machinery driving different spermatogonial states in most, if not all, mammals will be described fully, the extrinsic signals emanating from somatic support cell populations to influence spermatogonial functions will become fully known, and the capacity to derive long-term cultures of SSCs and transplant the population to regenerate spermatogenesis and fertility will become a reality for higher order mammals.

The Biology of Mammalian Spermatogonia 1st Table of contents:

Part I: Spermatogenesis in Mammals
1: Organization of the Seminiferous Epithelium and the Cycle, and Morphometric Description of 
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Organization of the Seminiferous Epithelium
1.2.1 The Clonal Organization of the Seminiferous Epithelium
1.2.2 Timing of Germ Cell Development
1.2.3 Stages of the Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium
1.2.4 Wave of the Seminiferous Epithelium
1.3 Spermatogonial Cell Types
1.3.1 Non-primate Mammals
1.3.2 Primates
1.4 Cell Kinetics
1.4.1 Non-primates
1.4.2 Primates
1.5 Regulation of the Epithelial Cycle
1.6 The Spermatogonial Stem Cell Niche
References
Part II: Postnatal Development of the Spermatogonial Population
2: Transition of Prenatal Prospermatogonia to Postnatal Spermatogonia
2.1 Developmental Dynamics of the Prospermatogonia to Spermatogonia Transition
2.2 Heterogeneity Among Spermatogonia in the Neonatal Testis
2.3 Specification of Foundational Spermatogonial Stem Cells
References
3: Setting the Stage: The First Round of Spermatogenesis
3.1 Initiation of Spermatogenesis
3.1.1 Initiation in Seasonal Breeders
3.1.2 Initiation in Nonseasonal Breeders
3.2 Germ Cell Kinetics During the First Wave of Spermatogenesis in Mice
3.3 Development of the Neonatal Spermatogonial Population
3.3.1 Timing and Regulation of Neonatal Spermatogonial Development
3.3.2 Establishment of Spermatogonial Cell Fate Begins in the Neonatal Testis
3.3.3 The First Wave of Spermatogenic Cells May Not Be Derived from SSCs
3.4 Development of the Somatic Cell Niche in the Mouse
3.5 Changes in Spermatogonial Gene Expression During the First Wave
3.6 Maintaining the Genome in First Wave Spermatogonia
3.7 Differences Between First and Subsequent Waves
3.8 Conclusions
References
Part III: Spermatogonial Stem Cells
4: Defining the Phenotype and Function of Mammalian Spermatogonial Stem Cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Functionally Defining SSCs
4.3 Can Xenotransplantation Quantify SSCs?
4.4 What Information About SSCs Can Be Gleaned from Marker Analysis?
4.5 Rigorously Defining the Phenotype of SSCs
4.6 The Short-List of Conserved, Bona Fide, Mammalian SSC Markers
4.7 The Quest to Purify SSCs
4.8 Phenotyping SSCs on a Background of Male Germline Heterogeneity
4.9 Conclusions
References
5: Regulation of Spermatogonial Stem Cell Maintenance and  Self-Renewal
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Developmental Origins of the SSC Population
5.3 Models for Maintenance and Renewal of the SSC Pool
5.4 The SSC Niche
5.5 Tools to Study the SSC Population
5.5.1 Primary Spermatogonial Cultures
5.5.2 Cell Surface Markers
5.5.3 Spermatogonial Transplantation
5.5.4 Intracellular Markers
5.5.5 Reporter Transgenes
5.5.6 Lineage Tracing
5.6 Molecular Regulation of SSC Maintenance; Transcription Factors, miRNAs, and Translational Reg
5.6.1 Transcription Factors
5.6.1.1 Gdnf-Dependent
5.6.1.2 Gdnf-Independent
5.6.1.3 Pluripotency Transcription Factors
5.6.1.4 HLH TFs
5.6.1.5 SSC-Specific Transcription Factors
5.6.2 miRNAs
5.6.3 Translational Regulators
5.7 Implications of SSC Research from a Clinical Perspective
5.8 Conclusions
References
Part IV: Spermatogonial Differentiation
6: Role of Retinoic Acid Signaling in the Differentiation of Spermatogonia
6.1 Introduction
6.2 RA Synthesis and Signaling in the Testis
6.3 STRA8 as a Marker of Spermatogonial Differentiation and the RA Response
6.4 Investigating Spermatogonial Biology via RA Depletion
6.5 RA and the Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium
6.6 RA Regulation of Human Spermatogenesis
6.7 Conclusions
References
7: Gonadotropin and Steroid Hormone Control of Spermatogonial Differentiation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The HPG Axis
7.2.1 Mechanism
7.2.2 Timing
7.3 Models Used for Studying the Effect of Hormones on Spermatogonia
7.3.1 Increasing Circulating FSH Levels
7.3.2 Gonadotropin Ablation in Genetic Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism
7.3.3 Gonadotropin Ablation by Hypophysectomy
7.3.4 Gonadotropin Reduction by GnRH Antagonists
7.3.5 Gonadotropin Reduction by Low-Dose Testosterone
7.3.6 FSH Suppression by Immunoneutralisation
7.3.7 FSH and FSHR Mutations
7.3.8 Androgen Receptor Mutations
7.3.9 SCARKO/FSHRKO Double Knockouts
7.4 Developmental Effects of FSH and T on Spermatogonia and Sertoli Cell Number
7.4.1 Fetal
7.4.2 Early Postnatal
7.4.3 Juvenile
7.4.3.1 Summary
7.4.4 Pubertal
7.5 Molecular Mechanisms of FSH and T Effects on Spermatogonia
7.5.1 FSH
7.5.2 Testosterone
7.6 Conclusion
References
Part V: Genome Integrity of Spermatogonia
8: Frequency of Human Disease Mutations and Spermatogonial Stem Cell Function
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Spermatogenesis
8.3 The PAE and Stem Cell Divisions
8.4 Human Germline Mutation Rates
8.5 Unusual Disease Mutations with Common Features
8.6 Explaining the Enhanced RAMP Mutation Rate
8.7 Testis Dissection and RAMP Mutation Detection
8.8 Studies on Apert Syndrome
8.9 Analysis of Four Additional RAMP Mutations
8.9.1 Are the RAMP Mutation Data Consistent with a Hot Spot Model?
8.9.2 Testing the Hot Spot Model
8.9.3 Variations to the Hot Spot Model
8.9.4 An Alternative Approach to Test the Hot Spot Model
8.9.5 If Not a Hotspot then What?
8.9.6 Cytological Evidence for Human SSC Mutation Clusters?
8.10 Function of RAMP Mutations in Spermatogonia
8.10.1 RET
8.10.2 SHP-2
8.10.3 FGFR2 and FGFR3
8.10.4 Direct Germline Cell Competition Experiments in Mice
8.11 Population Consequences of Germline Selection
8.11.1 PAE
8.11.2 Human Mutational Load
References
9: The Spermatogonial Stem Cell and the Environment
9.1 Germ Cell Fate Is Environmentally Determined, but Genotype Matters
9.2 The Changing Testicular Environment: The Effect of Paternal Age
9.3 The Estrogen Hypothesis and Beyond
9.4 Multi- and Transgenerational Effects Induced by EDCs
9.5 Epigenetic Mechanisms of Transgenerational Inheritance
9.6 Conclusions
References
10: Testicular Germ Cell Tumors and Teratomas
10.1 Pathogenesis of Human Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
10.1.1 Cell of Origin and Pathology of Human TGCTs
10.1.2 Comparisons of Cell of Origin and Pathology of TGCTs in 129 Inbred Mice to Human TGCTs
10.2 Human TGCT Chemoresistance
10.3 Genetic Contributions to TGCTs
10.3.1 Genetic Susceptibility and Human Genome-Wide Association Studies
10.3.2 Genetic Susceptibility in 129/Sv Mice
10.3.3 Chromosomal Abnormalities, Fusion Genes, and Single Nucleotide Variants in Type I and Ty
10.4 Mouse Germ Cell Development and the Embryonic Origins of Tumorigenesis
10.4.1 Primordial Germ Cells
10.4.2 PGC Migration
10.4.3 Sex Specification and the Mitotic: Meiotic Switch
10.5 TGC Tumorigenesis in the 129 Inbred Strain of Mice: Dysfunctional Germ Cell Development
10.5.1 Failure to Enter into Mitotic Arrest
10.5.2 Failure to Repress Pluripotency
10.5.3 Pro-survival, Anti-apoptotic Microenvironment for Aberrant Germ Cell Proliferation
10.5.4 Altered Epigenetic States
10.6 Remaining Questions
10.7 Conclusion
References
Part VI: Tools to Study Spermatogonial Biology
11: Transplantation and Culture of Spermatogonial Stem Cells
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Spermatogonial Stem Cell Transplantation
11.2.1 Development of Spermatogonial Stem Cell Transplantation
11.2.2 Functional Assay for Spermatogonial Stem Cells
11.2.3 Characterization of Spermatogonial Stem Cells
11.2.4 Characteristics of the Spermatogonial Stem Cell Niche
11.2.5 Application to Non-mouse Systems
11.2.6 Xenotransplantation
11.3 Spermatogonial Stem Cell Culture
11.3.1 Mouse
11.3.2 Rat
11.3.3 Rabbit
11.3.4 Human
11.4 Potential Applications of Spermatogonial Stem Cells and Future Directions
References
12: In Vitro Differentiation of Spermatogonia
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Organ Culture
12.2.1 Gas–Liquid Interphase Method
12.2.2 Adult Testis Tissue Culture
12.2.3 Organ Culture of Sl/Sld Mouse Testis
12.2.4 Spermatogenesis from Isolated Spermatogonia
12.2.5 In Vitro Reconstruction of Testis Tissue
12.3 Cultured Spermatogonia and Beyond
12.4 Challenge to Produce Sperm from Spermatogonia by Reprograming Method
References
Part VII: Therapeutic Potentials and Applications of Spermatogonia
13: Fertility Preservation in Cancer Patients
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Spermatogonial Stem Cell Transplantation
13.3 Cryopreservation of Testicular Tissue and Cell Suspension
13.4 Spermatogonial Stem Cell Culture
13.5 Sorting Methods for the Enrichment of Spermatogonia and Elimination of Malignant Contamin
13.6 Testicular Tissue Grafting
13.7 De Novo Testicular Morphogenesis
13.8 In Vitro Spermatogenesis Using Organ Culture
13.9 In Vitro Spermatogenesis from ES Cells and iPSCs
13.10 Concluding Remarks
References
14: Application of Spermatogonial Transplantation in Agricultural Animals
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Germ Cell Transplantation in Large Animals
14.2.1 Principle
14.2.2 Recipient Preparation
14.2.3 Donor Cell Preparation
14.3 Applications of Male Germ Cell Transplantation in Agricultural Animals
14.3.1 Fertility Preservation and Propagation of Genetically Valuable Animals
14.3.2 Generation of Genetically Modified Animals
14.3.2.1 Generation of Genetically Modified Animals for Improving Agricultural Traits, Resistance
14.3.2.2 Generation of Genetically Modified Animals as Biomedical Models
14.3.3 Study of Spermatogenesis
14.4 Current State of Male Germ Cell Culture in Agricultural Animals
14.4.1 Characterization of Gonocytes/Spermatogonia
14.4.2 Gonocytes/Spermatogonia Culture
14.5 Conclusions

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Tags: The Biology, Mammalian Spermatogonia, Jon Oatley