The Pursuit of Human Well Being The Untold Global History 1st Edition by Richard Estes, Joseph Sirgy 3319391014 9783319391014

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ISBN-10 :  3319391014 

ISBN-13 :  9783319391014

Author:  Richard J. Estes, M. Joseph Sirgy 

This handbook informs the reader about how much progress we, the human race, have made in enhancing the quality of life on this planet. Many skeptics focus on how the quality of life has deteriorated over the course of human history, particularly given World War II and its aftermath. This handbook provides a positive perspective on the history of well-being. Quality of life, as documented by scientists worldwide, has significantly improved. Nevertheless, one sees more improvements in well-being in some regions of the world than in others. Why? This handbook documents the progress of well-being in the various world regions as well as the differences in those regions. The broad questions that the handbook addresses include: What does well-being mean? How do different philosophical and religious traditions interpret the concept of well-being within their own context? Has well-being remained the same over different historical epochs and for different regions and subregions of the world? In which areas of human development have we been most successful in advancing individual and collective well-being? In which sectors has the attainment of well-being proven most difficult? How does well-being differ within and between different populations groups that, for a variety of socially created reasons, have been the most disadvantaged (e.g., children, the aged, women, the poor, racial, ethnic, and sexual minorities)?

The Pursuit of Human Well Being The Untold Global History 1st Table of contents:

Part I: Historical Conceptions of Well-Being over the Long Term
1: The Search for Well-Being: From Ancient to Modern Times
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Organizing Questions
1.3 Our Analytical Framework
1.4 Our Point of Departure
1.5 Personal and Collective Wisdom of the Ages
1.5.1 Are Peace, Harmony, and a Refined Sense of Balance Central to Our Attainment of Well-Bei
1.5.2 Does the Attainment of a Heightened Sense of Well-­Being Require Introspection and Self
1.5.3 Does a Heightened Sense of Well-Being Depend on Our Ability to Be Present in the Momen
1.5.4 Is Forgiveness an Essential Component of Well-Being?
1.5.5 Does Forgiveness Also Necessitate Forgiving Ourselves for Our Own Imperfections and for th
1.5.6 Is Gratitude an Essential Component of Well-Being?
1.5.7 To What Extent and in What Ways Do Gratitude, Forgiveness, Intentionality, and Purposefuln
1.5.8 Can One Be Selfish and, at the Same Time, Attain Progressively Higher Levels of Well-Bein
1.5.9 Is Benevolence, Rather Than Selfishness, the Currency of Well-Being?
1.5.10 Is Personal Wealth a Guarantee of Well-Being?
1.5.11 Are Socially Constructed Forms of Discrimination Obstacles to Well-Being?
1.5.12 What Are the Contributions of Choice and Decision to Well-Being?
1.5.13 Is the Attainment of Well-­Being a Solitary Journey?
1.5.14 To What Extent Is the Attainment of Well-Being a Reciprocal Process Between Ourselves an
1.5.15 To What Extent Is the Pursuit of Well-Being a Linear or Curvilinear Process?
1.5.16 To What Extent Is Well-Being the Same for All People Everywhere in Both the Present and
References
2: Western Historical Traditions of Well-Being
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Family of Well-Being Concepts
2.1.2 A Framework for Understanding Quality of Life
2.1.3 Historical Records
2.2 Major Philosophical and Hypothetical Conceptualizations of Well-Being
2.2.1 Aristocratic Values
2.2.2 Harmony
2.2.2.1 Soul’s Harmony with Itself
2.2.2.2 Harmony Among the Nature of One’s Species, Nature in General, and Ideal Law
2.2.2.3 Harmony as Blending Daimones with a Supreme Being
2.2.2.4 Harmonious Balance Among an Individual’s Internal Atoms and the External Atoms of Hi
2.2.2.5 Harmonious Balance Among an Individual’s Particular Constitution, Humors, Diets, Exerci
2.2.2.6 Harmonious Combination of Well-Ordered Souls in Well-­Ordered Cities
2.2.2.7 Ascetic Harmony with Nature
2.2.2.8 Harmonious Mixture of an Active Life with Goods of the Soul, Goods of the Body, and
2.2.2.9 Harmony with Nature Through Virtue
2.3 Pleasure
2.4 Religion
2.4.1 Otherworldly Happiness as True Happiness
2.4.2 Spiritual Well-Being on Earth
2.4.3 Earthly Happiness from a Religious Perspective
2.5 Happiness
2.5.1 Sensory Pleasure Without Religion or Morality
2.5.2 Public and Personal Happiness
2.5.3 Utilitarianism
2.6 Loftier Goals
2.6.1 Morality, Community, Meaningful Work, and God
2.6.2 Unhappiness, Authenticity, and Meaning
2.7 Summary and Discussion
References
Further Reading
3: East Asian Historical Traditions of Well-Being
3.1 East Asia as an Integrated Macroregion
3.2 Well-Being in China and East Asia
3.3 Prosperity and Wealth
3.4 Love of Virtue
3.4.1 Confucian Virtues
3.4.2 Daoist and Buddhist Virtues
3.5 Good Health and Peace of Mind
3.5.1 Correlative Cosmologies
3.5.2 Concepts of the Body
3.5.3 The Chinese Medical Tradition
3.5.4 Peace of Mind and Joy
3.6 Longevity
3.6.1 Daoist Self-Cultivation, Longevity, and Immortality
3.6.2 Buddhist Self-Cultivation
3.7 Fulfilling Destiny and Following the Will of Heaven
3.7.1 Good Family Life (Harmonious Familial Relationships and Having Supportive Children)
3.7.2 Safety—In Society, Travel, Wilderness, and from Invasions, War, and Illness
3.7.3 Auspiciousness and Good Luck
3.8 Conclusion
References
4: Well-Being in India: A Historical and Anthropological Report
4.1 Introduction: Nature, Culture, and Well-Being in South Asia and India
4.2 Sources of Well-Being in Classical and Modern South Asia
4.2.1 Timeline of South Asian and Indian History
4.2.2 Early Sanskrit Terms for Well-Being
4.2.3 Buddhist Conceptions of Well-Being
4.2.4 Brahmanical, Hindu, and Other Early Indian Cultural Conceptions of Well-Being
4.2.5 Well-Being as Dharma: The Bhagavad-Gītā, the Laws of Manu, the Mahābhārata
4.2.6 Stages of Life (āśramas)
4.2.7 Well-Being Through Ritual and Patronage
4.2.8 Medicine and Healing as Indicators of Well-Being
4.2.9 Women as Bearers of Well-Being
4.3 Mid and Late Second Millennium Developments
4.3.1 Islam and Well-Being Under the Mughals
4.3.2 Rise of Devotional Religion
4.3.3 British Colonialism and the Deindustrialization of India
4.3.4 The Rise of Western Conceptions of Well-Being in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
4.4 The Anthropology of Well-­Being in India
4.4.1 Caste and Well-Being
4.4.2 Well-Being, Family, and Marriage
4.4.3 Beginnings of the Anthropology of Well-Being
4.4.4 Well-Being and the Problem of the Individual in India
4.4.5 Well-Being, Popular Religion, and a Muslim Shrine in Delhi
4.4.6 Well-Being, Festivals, and Devotion
4.5 Well-Being, Modernity, and Globalization
4.5.1 The Enhancement of the Position of Women
4.5.2 Neoliberalism, Dharma, and Well-Being
4.6 Conclusions
References
5: Islamic Conceptions of Well-Being
5.1 Introduction
5.2 A Brief History of Islam
5.3 The Qur’anic Accounts of Well-Being
5.3.1 The Qur’anic Accounts of God, Humanity, and Life
5.3.2 The Nature of Well-Being in the Qur’an
5.3.3 Subjective Aspects of Well-Being
5.3.4 The Material World and Its Pleasures
5.3.5 Sociopolitical Aspects of Well-Being
5.3.6 Summary of the Qur’anic Concept of Well-Being
5.4 Islamic Philosophy and Sufism
5.4.1 Islamic Philosophy
5.4.2 Sufism
5.5 Contemporary Islamic Accounts of Well-Being
5.5.1 The Concept of Well-Being in the Contemporary Muslim World
5.5.2 Views of Political Islamism on Well-Being
5.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Part II: Domains of Well-Being
6: How We Measure Well-Being: The Data Behind the History of Well-Being
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Indicators of Well-Being
6.2.1 Output Indicators: Objective
6.2.1.1 The United Nations Human Development Index
6.2.1.2 United Nations Millennium Development Campaign
6.2.2 Output Indicators: Subjective
6.2.3 Input Indicators
6.3 Equity Indicators
6.4 Technology Indicators
6.5 The Balancing Act for Indicators and Data
6.6 Conclusions
References
Part III: Regional Analyses of the History and Contemporary State of Well-Being Since World War II
7: New Beginnings in an Ancient Region: Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Tracing Well-Being in Sub-­Saharan Africa
7.3 Chapter Outline
7.4 Looking Back in Time
7.4.1 “The World Until Yesterday”�
7.4.2 Ancient Sub-Saharan Africa: 2000 Before the Common Era to 500 CE
7.4.3 Ancient Sub-Saharan Africa: 500–1500 CE
7.4.4 Age of Explorers: Fifteenth Century
7.4.5 The Atlantic and East Coast Slave Trade: Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries
7.4.6 Scramble for Africa: 1800s
7.4.7 Bringing “Civilization” to Sub-­Saharan Africa
7.4.8 Colonial Rule in the Twentieth Century
7.4.9 “Wind of Change”: 1960s
7.4.10 Independence: 1970s to 1990s
7.4.11 Africa Rising: Twenty-First Century
7.5 The Sub-Saharan Quest for Well-Being
7.5.1 Community Cohesiveness
7.5.2 An Egalitarian Ethic
7.5.3 African Ubuntu
7.5.4 Religion and Resilience
7.5.5 Conservatism and Self-Reliance
7.5.6 Peaceful Coexistence Alongside Violence
7.6 Indicators of Well-Being
7.6.1 Health: Health Is Happiness
7.6.1.1 Food Equals Happiness
7.6.1.2 Africa’s Burden of Disease
7.6.1.3 “Always Something New Out of Africa”: Ebola
7.6.1.4 Life Expectancy in Africa
7.6.1.5 Maternal and Child Health
7.6.2 Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Class Act?
7.6.2.1 School Enrollment
7.6.2.2 Literacy Rates
7.6.2.3 Poverty Eats My Blanket: Income and Standard of Living
7.6.2.4 Social Welfare in the Twenty-­First Century: “My Family Eat This Money Too”
7.6.2.5 Poles Apart: Income Divergence and Quality of Life
7.6.2.6 The Long Walk to Freedom: Political Challenges
7.6.2.7 Social Progress in Review
7.6.3 Subjective Well-Being
7.6.3.1 Overall Life Satisfaction
7.6.3.2 Contentment with Life
7.6.3.3 Positive Experiences Outweigh the Negative
7.6.3.4 The Spirit Level: Religion and Well-Being
7.6.4 The Millennial Challenge: Rapid Social Change
7.6.4.1 Population Growth and Urbanization
7.6.4.2 The Mobile Phone Revolution
7.6.5 Well-Being Among Minorities in Sub-Saharan Africa
7.6.5.1 Urban Slum Dwellers
7.6.5.2 Women
7.6.5.3 Indigenous People
7.6.5.4 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex People
7.6.5.5 Refugees and Displaced People
7.7 Conclusions: Imagining Future Sub-Saharan Well-Being
7.7.1 Sub-Saharan Africa’s Glass Is Half Full
7.7.1.1 From “Basket Case” to the World’s Food Basket
7.7.1.2 Turning the Youth Bulge into a Youth Dividend
7.7.2 Summary
Supplemental Tables
References
8: Well-Being in Latin America
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Latin American History
8.2.1 The Rise of a Nation
8.2.2 Colonial Times and the Emergence of a Social System
8.2.3 Independence and Integration to the World Economy
8.2.4 The First Half of the Twentieth Century: Nationalism and Dictatorships
8.3 Contemporary Period (Post-WWII)
8.3.1 The Search for Economic Development
8.3.1.1 Greater Role for the State and Protectionism Policies
8.3.1.2 Crisis and Change of Strategy: More Market and Less State Intervention
8.3.1.3 Greater Discontent and the Search for New Paths
8.3.2 The Social Situation
8.3.2.1 A Very Unequal Region
8.3.2.2 Mid-income Countries with High Absolute and Relative Poverty
8.3.2.3 Widespread Corruption, Crime, and Violence
8.3.3 Political Aspects
8.4 Well-Being in Latin America
8.4.1 Health Well-Being: Relatively Favorable
8.4.2 Economic Well-Being: On Average There Is Enough
8.4.3 Education Well-Being: Not Only Quantity but Also Quality
8.4.4 Subjective Well-Being: A Happy Region
8.4.5 Disadvantaged Population Groups
8.5 Public Policy Considerations
8.6 Final Considerations
Supplemental Tables
References
9: Well-Being in Canada and the United States
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 The Region in Global Perspective
9.1.2 Centers of Global Legal and Illegal Immigration
9.1.3 Economic, Cultural, and Education Exchanges
9.1.4 Political Structures and Characteristics
9.1.5 International Political Reach
9.1.6 Selected Regional Characteristics of Well-Being
9.1.7 Major Well-Being Themes
9.2 Settlement of North America
9.2.1 Early Habitation
9.2.2 Slavery and Indentured Servants
9.2.3 The Migration of Free People to North America
9.2.4 North America’s Newest Arrivals
9.3 In Pursuit of Freedom
9.3.1 Freedom, Business, and Commerce
9.3.2 Freedom, Religion, and Political Persecution
9.3.3 Freedom and Health
9.4 Well-Being of Canada and the United States
9.4.1 Economic Well-Being: Average Income Levels and Trends Over Time
9.4.2 Health Well-Being
9.4.3 Intellectual/Educational Well-Being
9.4.4 Subjective Well-Being
9.5 Well-Being in Canada
9.5.1 Sociocultural Characteristics of Canada
9.5.2 Social and Technical Accomplishments in Canada
9.5.3 Status of Women in Canada
9.5.4 Canadian Aboriginal Peoples
9.6 Well-Being in the United States
9.6.1 Social and Demographic Characteristics of the United States
9.6.2 Education and College Graduation in the United States
9.6.3 Innovations in Science and Technology in the United States
9.6.4 Military and Defense Expenditures Versus Social Spending in the United States
9.6.5 Income Inequality Within the United States
9.6.6 The Well-Being of Disadvantaged Population Groups in the United States
9.7 Cross-Country Comparisons of Well-Being of Disadvantaged Groups in Canada and the United St
9.8 Contemporary Well-Being Themes in North America: Post World War II
9.9 Conclusion
Supplemental Tables
References
10: The History of Well-Being in East Asia: From Global Conflict to Global Leadership
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Framework
10.1.2 Study Countries and Societies
10.2 Well-Being
10.3 Brief History
10.3.1 From Chaos to Order and the Foundations of the Modern Nation-States
10.3.2 East Asia’s Modern History: Social Chaos, Hegemony, Defeat, and the Emergence of “Mod
10.4 Social Progress and Challenges Since 1990
10.4.1 Population and Fertility
10.4.2 Life Expectancy and Infant Mortality
10.4.3 Leading Causes of Death
10.4.4 Suicide: The Ultimate Despair on the Part of Individuals and Societies
10.5 East Asian Family and Social Life
10.6 Education
10.7 Religions and Religious Traditions
10.7.1 Financial Well-Being
10.7.2 Gini Coefficients and Subjective and Objective Assessments of Well-Being
10.8 Technical Infrastructure Quality
10.9 Psychological or Subjective Well-Being
10.10 Discussion and Conclusions
10.11 Looking Ahead
Supplemental Tables
References
11: The History of Well-Being in South Asia
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Search for Unity Amid Diversity
11.3 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
11.4 Well-Being in South Asia
11.4.1 Demographic Profile
11.4.2 Education Well-Being
11.4.3 Health Well-Being
11.4.4 Economic Well-Being
11.4.5 Subjective Well-Being Profile
11.5 Bhutan’s Experiments with Gross National Happiness
11.6 Discussion and Conclusions
References
12: The History of Well-Being in Southeast Asia
12.1 Well-Being in Southeast Asia: A Historical Approach
12.1.1 Present Profile of Southeast Asia
12.1.2 Impact of Colonial Rule
12.1.3 Health and Education in Colonial Southeast Asia
12.1.4 The Plural Societies of Southeast Asia
12.2 The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia
12.2.1 Acquiring Independence
12.2.2 Post-independence Conflicts
12.3 Well-Being in Contemporary Southeast Asia
12.3.1 Security and Good Governance
12.3.1.1 The Global Peace Index
12.3.1.2 The Democracy Index
12.3.1.3 Satisfaction with the Working of Democracy
12.3.1.4 The Corruption Perceptions Index
12.3.2 Social and Economic Well-Being
12.3.2.1 The Human Development Index
12.3.2.2 Poverty and the Millennium Development Goals
12.3.2.3 Education and Health Indicators
12.3.2.4 The Status of Women
12.3.3 Subjective Well-Being
12.3.3.1 The World Values Survey
12.3.3.2 Cantril Ladder of Life Scale, Gallup World Poll
12.4 Tracking Southeast Asian Well-Being into the Future
12.5 Supplemental Figures
References
13: The History of Well-Being in Europe
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Monitoring Well-Being
13.1.2 Terms and Concepts of Well-­Being in Europe
13.1.2.1 Well-Being in Everyday Language
13.1.2.2 Well-Being in Economic and Social Sciences
13.1.2.3 Well-Being in Supranational Organizations
13.1.2.4 Well-Being in the Welfare State Debate
13.2 Historical Background
13.2.1 The Emergence of Europe
13.2.2 Modernization and Political Structuring
13.2.3 The Foundation and Growth of the European Union
13.3 Long-Term Characteristics of Well-Being in Europe
13.3.1 Economic Development
13.3.2 The Spread of Democracy
13.3.3 Wars and Civil Strife
13.3.4 Europe During and After World War II
13.4 Seventy Years of Advanced Well-Being After 1945
13.4.1 Societal Characteristics After 1945: Cold War, Economic Growth, Democracy
13.4.2 Human Development
13.4.3 Health
13.4.4 Material Standard of Living
13.4.5 Education
13.4.6 Overall Subjective Well-Being: Satisfaction with Life
13.5 Disadvantaged Population Groups and Minorities
13.5.1 Age
13.5.2 Gender
13.5.3 Education
13.5.4 Low Income and Poverty
13.5.5 Unemployment
13.5.6 Minorities and Migrants
13.5.7 Social Isolation
13.6 Welfare State, Self-­Sufficiency, and Well-Being
13.6.1 Employment and Unemployment
13.6.2 Income Distribution and Poverty
13.6.3 Health
13.6.4 Education
13.6.5 Overall Life Satisfaction by Type of Welfare State
13.7 Summary
13.7.1 Long-Term Change
13.7.2 Recent Crises
13.7.3 Future Prospects
References
14: The History of Well-Being in Oceania
14.1 Introduction
14.2 An Historical Account
14.2.1 Discovery and Exploration: Development in Isolation
14.2.2 Colonization and Well-Being: A Clash of Cultures
14.2.3 Well-Being in the Late and Postcolonial Periods: The Quest for Recognition and Global
14.3 Australia and New Zealand
14.3.1 Well-Being of the People of Australia and New Zealand
14.3.1.1 Economic Well-Being of the People of Australia and New Zealand
14.3.1.2 Health Well-Being of the People of Australia and New Zealand
14.3.1.3 Educational Well-Being of the People of Australia and New Zealand
14.3.1.4 Subjective Well-Being of the People of Australia and New Zealand
14.3.2 Well-Being of Disadvantaged Groups in Australia and New Zealand
14.4 Papua New Guinea
14.4.1 Economic Well-Being of the People of Papua New Guinea
14.4.2 Health Well-Being of the People of Papua New Guinea
14.4.3 Education Well-Being of the People of Papua New Guinea
14.4.4 Subjective Well-Being of the People of Papua New Guinea
14.5 Comparative Analysis
14.6 Conclusion
Supplemental Tables
References
15: Well-Being in the Transition Economies of the Successor States of the Former Soviet Union:
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Transition: Why the Past Matters to the Future
15.2.1 A Varied Experience
15.2.2 Starting on the Path Toward Reform
15.2.3 Reform in Action
15.3 Objective Trends and Indicators
15.3.1 Economic Trends
15.3.2 Social Welfare Indicators
15.3.3 Vulnerable Groups
15.4 Subjective Well-Being Trends
15.4.1 Adaptation and Progress Paradoxes
15.4.2 General Trends in Subjective Well-Being
15.4.2.1 Adaptation to Uncertainty
15.4.2.2 Income and Life Satisfaction
15.4.2.3 The Role of Institutions
15.4.3 Inequality in Transition: Uneven Progress Within Countries
15.4.4 Inequality in Transition: Democracy, Markets, and Well-­Being Trends
15.4.4.1 Trends in Income Inequality and Life Satisfaction
15.4.4.2 The Missing “Democracy Premium”
15.4.4.3 Perceptions of Institutions Shape Expectations of the Future
15.5 Conclusions
Supplemental Tables
References
16: The History of Well-Being in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Defining the Middle East and North Africa
16.1.2 The Region’s Contribution to World Civilization
16.1.3 Monotheism and the Region’s Contributions to World Religious Development
16.1.4 Colonization and the Unraveling of the Region’s Social and Political Integrity
16.1.5 Decolonization and the Re-attainment of Political Independence
16.1.6 The MENA Region’s Current Paradoxes: Attaining Unity in the Midst of Diversity
16.2 Progress in Well-Being: The Region’s Remarkable Changes in the Presence of Continuing C
16.2.1 Health Status of the Region’s Diverse Peoples
16.2.2 The History of Access to Education in MENA Countries
16.2.3 Income and Economic Issues
16.2.4 Political and Civil Liberties (Levels of Social Chaos)
16.2.5 Happiness and SWB
16.2.5.1 Happiness
16.2.5.2 Negative Emotions
16.2.5.3 Personal Well-Being Index
16.3 The Well-Being of Minorities and Specific Segments of the Population
16.3.1 Minorities
16.3.2 The Well-Being of Minority Groups
16.3.3 The Special Situation of Women and Youth in the MENA Region
16.3.3.1 Health Indicators of Women and Youth
16.3.3.2 Education and Employment of Women and Youth
16.3.3.3 Women’s Civil Liberties and Participation in Decision Making
16.4 Concluding Remarks
Supplemental Tables
References
17: Well-Being of Circumpolar Arctic Peoples: The Quest for Continuity
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Arctic: A Geographical Approach
17.3 The Arctic Region in Global Perspective
17.4 Political Systems/Structures
17.4.1 Colonizing the Arctic
17.4.1.1 Alaska
17.4.1.2 Arctic Canada
17.4.1.3 Greenland
17.4.1.4 Iceland and the Faroe Islands
17.4.1.5 Sápmi (Northernmost Part of Fennoscandia)
17.4.1.6 Arctic Russia
17.4.2 Historical Trauma and Arctic Well-Being
17.4.3 Economic Development in the Circumpolar Arctic
17.4.4 Wage Labor and Modernization of the Arctic
17.5 The Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic
17.5.1 Iceland and the Faroe Islands
17.5.2 More Recent Settlement of the Arctic: Visitors and Immigrants from the South
17.6 Well-Being of the Circumpolar Arctic: Application of the United Nations Human Development
17.6.1 Health Well-Being
17.6.1.1 Infant Mortality
17.6.1.2 Life Expectancy
17.6.1.3 Mortality Rate of the Inuit People in Greenland
17.6.1.4 Suicide Rate of Alaska Natives, Inuit in Nunavut, and Greenlanders
17.6.1.5 Some Findings on Health from the Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic
17.6.2 Education and Intellectual Well-Being
17.6.2.1 SLiCA Findings: Education—Formal and Informal
17.6.3 Economic Well-Being
17.6.3.1 Economic Measurements Using the Gross Regional Product
17.6.3.2 Findings About Living Standards, Income, and Poverty from the Survey of Living Condit
17.7 Well-Being Among Indigenous and Other Arctic Residents
17.7.1 The Arctic Human Development Report
17.7.2 Arctic Social Indicators
17.7.3 Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic
17.7.3.1 Control of Destiny/Fate Control
17.7.3.2 Cultural Well-Being and Cultural Continuity
17.7.3.3 Living Close to Nature
17.7.3.4 Summary of Findings on Indicators Specific to Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic
17.8 Findings from Studies Assessing Arctic Human Development by Measuring Subjective or Communit
17.8.1 Perceived Quality of Life among Inuit and Sámi and Indigenous Peoples of Chukotka and
17.8.2 Canadian Community Well-�Being Index
17.8.3 The Aboriginal Economic Benchmark Report
17.8.4 Quality of Life in Northern Canada and Alaska
17.9 Conclusion
References
Web Site Bibliographic Resources
Part IV: Special Issues Related to the Well-Being of Nations and Population Groups
18: The History of Well-Being and the Global Progress of Women
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Methods
18.3 Timeline
18.3.1 Ancient Times to World War II
18.3.1.1 Political and Economic Equality and the Suffragette Movement
18.3.1.2 Health
18.3.1.3 Family and Religion
18.3.1.4 Violence
18.3.1.5 Education
18.3.1.6 Body Image
18.3.2 Post World War II
18.3.2.1 Economic Equality, Family, and Work
18.3.2.2 Human Rights, Politics, and Feminism
18.3.2.3 Health
18.3.2.4 Gender-Based Violence
18.3.2.5 Education
18.3.2.6 Subjective Well-Being
18.3.3 The Twenty-First Century and the Future
References
19: The Role of Technology in the History of Well-Being: Transformative Market Phenomena Over Ti
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 The Major Milestones of Technology History
19.1.2 A Brief Glance at Technology History
19.1.2.1 China and the Silk Road
19.1.2.2 The Roman Era
19.1.2.3 Near and Middle East
19.2 Technology and Theory
19.2.1 Technology as Mirror
19.2.2 Technology as Driver
19.3 Technology and Society Today
19.3.1 Panacea or Curse?
19.3.2 The Negative Externalities of Technology
19.4 A Framework for Understanding Technological Impact
19.4.1 The Input Ingredients for Technological Progress
19.4.2 Innovation and Research and Development
19.4.2.1 Patents
19.4.2.2 Technology Begets Technology
19.4.3 Technology Throughput Indicators
19.4.3.1 Electricity
19.4.3.2 Sanitation
19.4.3.3 Automobiles
19.4.3.4 Telecommunications Indicators
19.4.4 Technology Outputs and Well-Being
19.4.4.1 Technology as Equalizer?
19.4.4.2 Technology and Subjective Well-Being
19.4.4.3 Technology and the Workplace
19.4.4.4 Technology and Family Life
19.5 Technology and the Indicators of Human Development
19.5.1 Technology and Education Well-Being
19.5.2 Technology and Economic Well-Being
19.5.2.1 Defining Economic Welfare and Development
19.5.2.2 Access to Capital
19.5.2.3 Access to Markets
19.5.3 Technology and Health Well-Being
19.5.3.1 Tools
19.5.3.2 Systems
19.6 Technology in Modern Context
19.7 Concluding Thoughts
References
Part V: Epilogue
20: The History of Well-Being in Global Perspective
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Conceptual Advances in Our Understanding of Well-Being
20.2.1 The Major Human Development Indices and Assessment Tools of Personal and Collective Well-
20.2.2 Other Objective Indicators of Well-Being
20.2.3 The Importance of Self-­Assessed Quality of Life in Measuring Well-Being
20.3 Well-Being and the Human Development Index
20.3.1 Global and Regional Patterns and Trends in the Human Development Index Since 1980
20.3.2 Regional Trends in Well-Being, 1980–2013
20.3.2.1 High Versus Low Human Development Index Scores and the Dynamics of HDI Improvement
20.3.2.2 Attainment Levels of the Human Development Index and Millennium Development Goals, 1980
20.3.2.3 Average Annual Percentage Changes on the HDI for Countries Grouped by Major Geopolitic
20.3.3 The United Nation New Sustainable Development Goals
20.4 Global Progress in Health
20.4.1 Social Investments in Health, 1990–2011
20.4.2 Gains in the Health Sector from 1945 to the Present
20.4.3 Advances in Global Health: Progress But with Qualifications
20.4.3.1 Lifestyle Diseases: The New Threat to Global and Regional Public Health
20.4.3.2 Changes in Leading Causes of Death: From Infectious and Communicable Diseases to Life
20.5 Global Progress in Education
20.5.1 Investments in Education
20.5.2 Yields in Public Investments in Education
20.6 Global Progress in Income, Wealth, and Poverty Alleviation
20.6.1 The Contribution of Social Welfare and Social Security in Advancing Economic Well-Being
20.6.2 Social Security as a Social Investment
20.6.3 The Goals of Social Welfare Programs and Their Contributions to Personal and Collective
20.6.4 International Development Assistance
20.6.5 Foreign Direct Investments Strengthens the Commercial Sector
20.6.6 The Halving of Poverty Since 1981—Dramatic Gains in Well-Being
20.6.6.1 Countries and Regions Experiencing the Most Dramatic Reductions in Poverty
20.6.6.2 South Asia’s Goal of Putting Poverty in a Museum
20.6.6.3 Poverty Reduction in Central Asia and Other Successor States to the Former Soviet Unio
20.6.6.4 Advances in Reducing Adult and Child Poverty in Central and South America
20.6.6.5 Poverty Reduction Success in Other World Regions and Subregions
20.7 Population, Population Growth, and Well-Being
20.7.1 Population Growth Over the Long Term
20.7.2 World Population Size by Region
20.7.3 Rural to Urban Migration and Its Impact on Well-Being
20.7.4 The Rise of Global Cities
20.8 Well-Being and the Advancement of Historically Disadvantaged Population Groups
20.8.1 Advances in the Social, Political, and Economic Status of Women
20.8.1.1 Health and Women’s Well-Being
20.8.1.2 Education and Women’s Well-Being
20.8.1.3 Income and Women’s Well-Being
20.8.1.4 Subjective Well-Being Among Women
20.9 Well-Being Advances in Other Sectors
20.9.1 Advances in Participatory Democracies
20.9.2 Public Corruption: Significant Declines Still a Major Challenge to Well-Being
20.9.2.1 Low Levels of Perceived Public Corruption
20.9.2.2 High Levels of Perceived Public Corruption
20.9.2.3 Public Corruption and the Road Ahead
20.9.3 Sharp Decline in Violence-­Related Deaths
20.10 Advances in Subjective Well-Being
20.10.1 Subjective Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa
20.10.2 Subjective Well-Being in Latin America
20.10.3 Subjective Well-Being in North America
20.10.4 Subjective Well-Being in East Asia
20.10.5 Subjective Well-Being in South Asia
20.10.6 Subjective Well-Being in Southeast Asia
20.10.7 Subjective Well-Being in Europe
20.10.8 Subjective Well-Being in Oceania
20.10.9 Subjective Well-Being in the Nation-States of the Former Eastern Bloc
20.10.10 Subjective Well-Being in the Countries of the Middle East and Northern Africa
20.11 Final Thoughts and Recommendations for Future Research

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