The Science of Environmental Pollution 3rd Edition by Frank Spellman 1000400076 9781000400076

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ISBN-10 :  1000400076 

ISBN-13 :  9781000400076

Author:  Frank R. Spellman 

This new edition of The Science of Environmental Pollution presents common-sense approaches and practical examples based on scientific principles, models, and observations, but keeps the text lively and understandable for scientists and non-scientists alike. It addresses the important questions regarding environmental pollution: What is it? What is its impact? What are the causes and how can we mitigate them? But more than this, it stimulates new ways to think about the issues and their possible solutions. This fourth edition has been updated throughout, and greatly expands its coverage of endocrine disruptors and includes all new information on persistent “forever chemicals.” Environmental issues continue to attract attention at all levels. Some sources say that pollution is the direct cause of climate change; others deny that the possibility even exists. This text sorts through the hyperbole, providing concepts and guidelines that not only aid in understanding the issues, but equip readers with the scientific rationale required to make informed decisions. Features: Updated throughout, and contains a new chapter on the effects of endocrine disruptors in the environment. Provides an introduction to air, soil, and water pollution sources and remediation. Addresses pressing issues such as global climate change, rising sea levels, polluted air, increased weather phenomena, and the state of potable water worldwide. Supplies a vital information source for policy-makers involved in decisions concerning environmental management. Includes case studies, examples, and study questions. The Science of Environmental Pollution is suitable for students taking undergraduate-level courses dealing with the environment and related pollution issues. It will also serve as a useful reference for environmental managers, politicians, legal experts, and interested general readers.

The Science of Environmental Pollution 3rd Table of contents:

PART I Introduction
Chapter 1 Pollution: What is it?
Introduction
Deep and Gloomy Woods
Pollution Defined
Key Terms
Pollution: Effects Often Easy to See, Feel, Taste, or Smell
Pollution and Environmental Science/Health
A Different Approach
Environmental Pollution and Technology: The Connection
Science and Technology Offer Solutions
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 2 Environmental Pollution from Waste
Frontier Mentality
Pollution-Causing Wastes
Type and Waste Characterization
The Bottom Line on Waste as Pollution
Discussion Questions
Chapter 3 Environmental Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing
Introduction
Access Roads, Well Pads, and Mineral Rights
Horizontal Wells
Reducing Surface Disturbance
Reducing Wildlife Impacts
Reducing Community Impacts
Protecting Groundwater
Thought-Provoking Questions
References
Chapter 4 Global Pollution: The Problem
Introduction
Global Interdependence
Global Meeting on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Global Pollution Problems: Causal Factors
Population Growth
Development
Development and Soil Degradation
Development and Freshwater Degradation
Development and Atmospheric Air Degradation
Pollution and Global Environmental Degradation
So, What is the Answer?
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 5 Sources of Pollution
A Historical Perspective
Introduction
Natural Pollutants
Pollutant Terminology
Pollutant-Related Terms Defined
Soil, Water, Air, And Pollution: The Interface
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
PART II Air
Chapter 6 All about Air
Introduction
The 411 on Air
Characteristics and Properties of the Components of Air
Atmospheric Nitrogen
Physical Properties of Nitrogen
Uses of Nitrogen
Nitrogen Oxides
Atmospheric Oxygen
Physical Properties of Oxygen
Uses of Oxygen
Ozone: Just Another Form of Oxygen
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Physical Properties of Carbon Dioxide
Uses for Carbon Dioxide
Atmospheric Argon
Physical Properties of Argon
Uses for Argon
Atmospheric Neon
Physical Properties of Neon
Uses for Neon
Atmospheric Helium
Physical Properties of Helium
Atmospheric Krypton
Physical Properties for Krypton
Uses for Krypton
Atmospheric Xenon
Physical Properties of Xenon
Uses for Xenon
Atmospheric Hydrogen
Physical Properties of Hydrogen
Uses for Hydrogen
Atmospheric Water
Atmospheric Particulate Matter
Air for Combustion
Air for Power
Stratification of the Atmosphere
Physical Properties and Dynamics of Air
Force, Weight, and Mass
Pressure
Work and Energy
Diffusion and Dispersion
Compressibility
Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
Charles’s Law
Ideal Gas Law
Flow Rate
Gas Conversions
Major Constituents
Both Major and Minor Constituents
Minor Constituents
Gas Velocity
Gas Stream Treatment (Residence) Time
Gas Density
Heat Capacity and Enthalpy
Heat and Energy in the Atmosphere
Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Viscosity
Flow Characteristics
Particle Physics
Characteristics of Particles
Surface Area and Volume
Aerodynamic Diameter
Particle Size Categories
Regulated Particulate Matter Categories
Size Distribution
Particle Formation
Collection Mechanisms
Atmospheric Dispersion, Transformation, and Deposition
Weather
Turbulence
Mixing
Topography
Temperature Inversions
Plume Rise
Transport
Dispersion Models
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 7 Air Pollution
Yurk and Smilodon
Introduction
Types and Sources of Air Pollutants
Criteria Air Pollutants
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Particulate Matter
Lead Particulates
Ozone (O3)
Deposition of Pollutants in the Atmosphere
Problems of Atmospheric Pollution
Acid Deposition
Smog Formation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Climate Change
The Past
A Time of Ice
Warm Winter
Global Warming
Chlorofluorocarbons
Global Dimming
Haze
Roadway Air Dispersion
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 8 Air Pollution Remediation
Introduction
Pollution Prevention (P2)
Reducing Air Emissions
Clearing the Air
Air Pollution Control: Choices
Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems
Removal of Dry Particulate Matter
Particulate Matter
Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulates
Gravity Settlers
Cyclone Collectors
Electrostatic Precipitators
Wet (Venturi) Scrubbers
Baghouse (Fabric) Filters
Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources
Absorption
Adsorption
Condensation
Combustion
Direct-Flame Combustion (Flaring)
Thermal Combustion (Afterburners)
Catalytic Combustion
Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Mobile Sources
Control of Crankcase Emissions
Control of Evaporative Emissions
Catalytic Converters
A Cottage Industry is Born
Indoor Air Pollution
Common Indoor Air Pollutants
Radon
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Biological Contaminants
Combustion By-products
Household Products
Pesticides
Asbestos
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
PART III Water
Chapter 9 Water
Water: Earth’s Blood
Water: Facts and Prose
Water: The Basics
How Special, Strange, and Different is Water?
Characteristics of Water
Inflammable Air + Vital Air = Water
Just Two H’s and One O
Somewhere Between 0° and 105
Physical Properties of Water
Capillary Action
Water Cycle
Specific Water Movements
Q and Q Factors
Sources of Water
Watersheds
Multiple Barrier Concept
Watershed Management
Water Quality Impacts
Watershed Protection and Regulations
Watershed Protection Plan
Reservoir Management Practices
Potable Water
What is Potable Water?
Key Definitions
Surface Water
Location! Location! Location!
How Readily Available Is Potable Water?
Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Water
Surface Water Hydrology
Raw Water Storage
Surface Water Quality
Groundwater
Aquifers
Groundwater Quality
GUDISW
Perpetual Motion
Well Systems
Water Use
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 10 Water Pollution
Sick Water
Introduction
Surface Water
Lentic (Standing or Still) Water Systems
Still Water
Lotic (Flowing) Water Systems
Stream Genesis
Setting the Stage
Surface Water Pollutants
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Nutrients
pH
Solids
Fats, Oil, and Grease (FOG)
Pathogenic Organisms
Giardia
Giardiasis (CDC, 1995)
Cryptosporidium
Toxic Pollutants
Nontoxic Pollutants
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
Groundwater Pollution
Sources of Groundwater Contamination
Aquifers
Groundwater Flow
Wetlands
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
Chapter 11 Water Pollution: Remediation
Historical Perspective
Effect of Regulations on Preventing Water Pollution
A Sherlock Holmes At The Pum
Dr John Snow
Cholera
Flashback to 1854 London
From Pump Handle Removal to Water Treatment (Disinfection)
Water Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Thermal Pollution Treatment
Pollution Control Technology: Underground Storage Tanks
Pollution Control Technology: Groundwater Remediation
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
References and Recommended Reading
PART IV Soil
Chapter 12 Soil Basics
Introduction
Soil, What is it?
Key Terms Defined
Definitions
All About Soil
Function of Soil
Soil as a Plant Growth Medium
Soil as a Regulator of Water Supplies
Soil as a Recycler of Raw Materials
Soil as a Habitat for Soil Organisms
Soil as an Engineering Medium
Soil as a Source of Materials
Concurrent Soil Functions
Soil Properties
Physical Properties of Soil
Soil Separates
Soil Formation
Weathering
Factors that Influence Weathering
Categories of Weathering Processes
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Soil Characterization
Diagnostic Horizons and Temperature and Moisture Regimes
Soil Taxonomy
Soil Orders
Soil Suborders
Soil Great Groups and Subgroups
Soil Families and Series
Soil Mechanics and Physics
Soil Mechanics
Weight-Volume or Space and Volume Relationships
Soil Particle Characteristics
Soil Stress
Soil Compressibility
Soil Compaction
Soil Failure
Soil Physics
Soil and Water
Water: What Is It?
Water Physical Properties
Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
Soil Water
Soil Chemistry
Solid Waste
Solid Waste Regulatory History in the United States
Solid Waste Characteristics
Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes
Residential Sources of MSW
Commercial Sources of MSW
Institutional Sources of MSW
Construction and Demolition Sources of MSW
Municipal Services Sources of MSW
Treatment Plant Site Sources of MSW
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Soil Pollution
Clean Soil
Soil Pollutants: Transport Mechanisms Affecting Flow Regime
Movement of Organics in Soil
The Basics of Soil Pollution
Surface Origins of Soil Pollutants
Gaseous and Airborne Particulate Pollutants
Infiltration of Contaminated Surface Water
Land Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste Materials
Stockpiles, Tailings, and Spoil
Dumps
Salt Spreading on Roads
Animal Feedlots And CAFOs
Fertilizers and Pesticides
Accidental Spills
Composting of Leaves and Other Wastes
Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)
Contamination from Oil Field Sites
Contamination from Chemical Sites
Contamination from Geothermal Sites
Contamination from Manufactured Gas Plants
Contamination from Mining Sites
Contamination from Environmental Terrorism and Ecoterrorism
What Is Terrorism?
Terrorism by Any Other Name Is …
Standard Dictionary Definition of Terrorism
An Old Cliché on a Terrorist:
Hazardous Wastes
America: A Throwaway Society
What Is a Hazardous Substance?
Hazardous Wastes
What Is a Hazardous Waste?
Hazardous Waste Legislation
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
CERCLA
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 14 Soil Pollution Remediation
Introduction
USTs: The Problem
Corrosion Problems
Faulty Construction
Faulty Installation
Piping Failures
Spills and Overfills
Compatibility of Contents and UST
UST Risk Assessment
UST Exposure Pathways
Remediation of UST Contaminated Soils
In Situ Technologies
In Situ Volatilization
In Situ Biodegradation
In Situ Leaching and Chemical Reaction
In Situ Vitrification
In Situ Passive Remediation
In Situ Isolation/Containment
Non–In Situ Technologies
Land Treatment
Thermal Treatment
Asphalt Incorporation and Other Methods
Solidification/Stabilization
Chemical Extraction
Excavation
Economic Outlook for Soil Remediation
Animal Waste Treatment
Manure Treatment
Waste Control Technology
Waste Minimization
Substitution of Inputs
Process Modifications
Good Operating Practices
Recycling
Treatment Technologies
Biological Treatment
Thermal Processes
Activated Carbon Sorption
Electrolytic Recovery Techniques
Air Stripping
Stabilization and Solidification
Filtration and Separation
Ultimate Disposal
Deep-Well Injection
Waste Piles
Landfilling
Green Remediation
Core Elements of Green Remediation
Energy Requirements of the Treatment System
Air Emissions
Water Requirements and Impacts on Water Resources
Land and Ecosystem Impacts
Material Consumption and Waste Generation
Long-Term Stewardship Actions
Green Remediation Techniques
The Bottom Line
Discussion Questions
Bibliography
PART V Hormone Pollution
Chapter 15 Endocrine Disruptors
Introduction
The 411 on DDT
A Brief History of the Development and Use of Chemicals
Endocrine Disruptors
Biological Effects
Carcinogenic Effects
Reproductive Effects
Neurological Effects
Immunological Effects
Risk Methodology Issues
Hazard Identification
Dose–Response Assessment
Exposure Assessment
Risk Characterization
Discussion Questions
Bibliography
PART VI Epilogue
Chapter 16 Pollution and the 21st Century
Glossary
Index

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