Untitled Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Characterization, Fabrication and Applications 1st Edition by Tetsuji Yamaoka 1788015998 9781788015998

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ISBN-10 :  1788015998 

ISBN-13 :  9781788015998

Author:  Tetsuji Yamaoka 

The extracellular matrix (ECM) supports cells and regulates various cellular functions in our body. The native ECM promises to provide an excellent scaffold for regenerative medicine. In order to use the ECM as a scaffold in medicine, its cellular fractions need to be removed while retaining its structural and compositional properties. This process is called decellularization, and the resulting product is known as the decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM). This book focuses on the sources of dECM and its preparation, characterization techniques, fabrication, and applications in regenerative medicine and biological studies. Using this book, the reader will gain a good foundation in the field of ECM decellularization complemented with a broad overview of dECM characterization, ranging from structural observation and compositional assessment to immune responses against dECM and applications, ranging from microfabrication and 3D-printing to the application of tissue-derived dECM in vascular grafts and corneal tissue engineering etc. The book closes with a section dedicated to cultured cell dECM, a complementary technique of tissue-derived dECM preparation, for application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, addressing its use in stem cell differentiation and how it can help in the study of the tumor microenvironment as well as in clinical trials of peripheral nerve regeneration.

Untitled Decellularized Extracellular Matrix: Characterization, Fabrication and Applications 1st Table of contents:

Part I General Introduction
Chapter 1 – Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Biological Research
1.1 Introduction
1.2 General ECM Information
1.2.1 Composition
1.2.2 Structures
1.2.3 Functions
1.2.3.1 Scaffolding to Maintain Tissue and Organ Structures
1.2.3.2 Forming Boundaries Between Different Tissues and Organs
1.2.3.3 Transducing Mechanical Signals
1.2.3.4 Regulating the Activity of Soluble Factors
1.2.3.5 Direct Signal Transduction Via Interaction With Cells
1.3 Trials to Mimic the Native ECM
1.3.1 Isolated ECM Molecules and Their Combinations
1.3.2 Matrigel® (EHS Gel)
1.3.3 Decellularized ECM (dECM)
1.4 Conclusion
References
Part II Preparation of dECM
Chapter 2 – Preparation Methods for Tissue/Organ- derived dECMs – Effects on Cell Removal and ECM
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Decellularization Methods
2.2.1 Physical Methods
2.2.2 Chemical Methods
2.2.3 Enzymatic Methods
2.3 Recellularization
2.4 Applications
2.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 – Preparation of Cultured Cell- derived Decellularized Matrix (dECM) – Factors Influenci
3.1 Introduction
3.2 ECM Formation by Cultured Cells
3.2.1 Assembly Through Interaction with ECM Molecules
3.2.2 Receptor- mediated Assembly
3.2.3 Incorporation Into Assembled ECM by Adsorption
3.2.4 Assembly of Tissue- or Organ- specific ECM
3.3 Points Regarding Preparing Cultured Cell- derived dECM
3.3.1 Cell Sources for dECM Preparation
3.3.2 Culture Medium and Co- culture
3.3.3 Initial Culture Substrates
3.3.4 Decellularization Methods
3.3.5 Modification of Cell- derived dECM
3.4 Characterization of Cultured Cell- derived dECM
3.4.1 Confirmation of Decellularization
3.4.2 Identification of ECM Components
3.4.3 Observation of ECM Structure
3.5 Applications
3.5.1 Trials for Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Pharmacology
3.5.2 Basic Biological Research
3.5.3 Clinical Applications
3.6 Perspectives
3.6.1 Preparation Methods
3.6.2 Mechanisms
3.6.3 Standardization for Clinical Use
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 – Bared Basement Membrane Substrata: Design, Cellular Assembly, Decellularization and Appl
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biosynthesis of Basement Membrane Architecture In Vitro
4.3 Basement Membrane Formation by Alveolar Epithelial Cells In Vitro
4.3.1 BM Formation of Alveolar Epithelial Cells Directly Cocultured on Pulmonary Fibroblasts- embedd
4.3.2 BM Formation by Alveolar Epithelial Cells Alone But Exogenously Supplied with BM Major Compone
4.3.3 Enhancement of BM Formation by TGF-­β
4.3.4 Promotion of BM Assembly by Inhibiting Degradation of BM Major Components
4.4 Basement Membrane Formation by Human Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial (HPAE) Cells
4.5 Promotion of Basement Membrane Formation by Recruiting Assembly Receptor onto the Basal Surface
4.5.1 Particularity of SV40- T2 Cells in BM Assembly
4.5.2 Recruitment of BM Assembly Receptor onto the Basal Surface
4.5.3 Assembly of a Continuous BM Architecture on “fib” Substrata Coated with PV–GlcNAc and
4.5.4 Assembly of a Continuous BM Architecture by rLN- 10 Cells on the “fib” Substratum Coated w
4.6 Cellular Recognition of de novo Synthesized Basement Membrane (sBM): Anchoring Filaments
4.7 Construction of Epithelial Tissue Equivalents on sBM Substrata
4.7.1 Terminal Differentiation of Tracheal Basal Cells to Ciliated Phenotype on T2- fib- MG_sBM Subs
4.7.2 Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells to Hepatocytes and Pancreatic β Cells on rLN10_sBM
4.7.3 Primary Hepatocyte Culture on T2- fib- MG_sBM
4.7.4 Differentiation of hES- derived Neural Progenitor to Neuron on rLN10_sBM
4.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Part III Characterization of dECM
Chapter 5 – A Novel Treatment for Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevi Combining Inactivated Nevus Tiss
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preparing the Decellularized Dermis Using SDS from GCMN and Grafting the Autologous Epidermis
5.3 Exploring the Inactivating Condition of Human Skin and Nevus
5.3.1 Exploring the Inactivating Condition of Human Skin Using HHP and Grafting of CEAs
5.3.2 Exploring the Inactivating Condition of GCMN Using HHP and Grafting of CEA
5.4 Exploring the Degeneration of Human Skin GCMN After HHP
5.5 Regression of Melanin Pigments After Transplantation of Inactivated Nevus Tissue
5.6 Clinical Trial
5.7 Discussion
5.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6 – Immune Responses to Decellularized Matrices
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Immune Responses to Decellularized Extracellular Matrices
6.3 Innate Immunity
6.3.1 Neutrophil Responses
6.3.2 Macrophage Responses
6.4 Adaptive Immunity
6.4.1 Adaptive Cellular Immunity
6.4.2 Adaptive Humoral Immunity
6.4.3 Risk for Allergy and Hypersensitivity
6.4.4 Summary of Adaptive Immune Response
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 – Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels: Fabrication, Properties, Characterization
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Formation of ECM- derived Hydrogels
7.3 Biochemical Composition
7.4 Physical Properties
7.5 Modifications of ECM- derived Hydrogels
7.6 Applications
7.6.1 In vivo Applications
7.6.1.1 Heart
7.6.1.2 Skeletal Muscle
7.6.1.3 Cartilage
7.6.1.4 Brain
7.6.1.5 Lung
7.6.2 In vitro Applications
7.6.2.1 Organ- on- a- Chip Applications
7.6.2.2 Bioprinting
7.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Part IV Fabrication of dECM
Chapter 8 – Decellularized Extracellular Matrix as Bioink for 3D- Bioprinting
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Laser- assisted Bioprinting
8.1.2 Inkjet- based Bioprinting
8.2 Extrusion- based Bioprinting
8.2.1 Requirements for Extrusion- based 3D Bioprinting
8.2.1.1 Bioink
8.2.1.2 Rheological Properties
8.2.1.3 Cell Viability
8.2.1.3.1 Shear Effects on Viability.The first investigated mechanical factors affecting cell viabil
8.2.1.3.2 Crosslinking and Viability.The cell- laden bioink is generally printed in a solution phase
8.3 Decellularized ECM (dECM) as Bioink
8.3.1 Process
8.3.1.1 Chemical Removal
8.3.1.2 Enzymatic Removal
8.3.1.3 Physical Removal
8.3.1.4 Solubilization
8.3.2 Characterization
8.3.3 Application of dECM as a Biomaterial
8.3.3.1 3D Tissue Models
8.3.3.2 Organ- on- a- Chip
8.3.3.3 Personalized Medicine and Drug Screening
8.3.3.4 Regenerative Medicine
8.4 Tissue Specific 3D Bioprinting Using dECM- Based Bioink
8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9 – Mechanical Property Tunable dECM and Their Regenerative Applications
9.1 Overview of ECM and dECM
9.1.1 Introduction to Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
9.1.2 Trends of Decellularized ECM (Organ- , Tissue- , and Cell- derived ECM)
9.1.3 Significance and Implications of Mechanical Property- Tunable dECM
9.2 Technology for Tuning dECM Stiffness
9.2.1 Chemical Crosslinking
9.2.2 Biological Crosslinking
9.2.3 Physical Crosslinking
9.3 Regenerative Applications of Stiffness- Tuned dECM
9.3.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
9.3.2 Pluripotent Stem Cells
9.3.3 Hydrogels
9.3.4 Mechanotransduction Platform
9.4 Outlook
References
Part V Tissue- and Organ-derived dECMs
Chapter 10 – Use of Small Intestinal Submucosa dECM in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
10.1 Small Intestinal Submucosa: Discovery
10.2 Small Intestinal Submucosa as a Bioactive Scaffold
10.3 Small Intestinal Submucosa: Clinical Applications
10.3.1 Wound Care
10.3.2 Hernia Repair
10.3.3 Colorectal Procedures
10.3.4 Applications in Malignancy
10.4 Small Intestinal Submucosa: Future
References
Chapter 11 – Small- diameter Acellular Vascular Grafts: From Basic Research to Clinical Application
11.1 Introduction to Artificial Vascular Grafts
11.2 Tissue- Engineered Vascular Graft (TEVGs)
11.2.1 Cell- based Matrix
11.2.2 Biodegradable- scaffold Matrix
11.2.3 Acellular Vascular Graft
11.2.3.1 Solcograft- P (Solco Basle Ltd. Switzerland)
11.2.3.2 SynerGraft (CryoLife Inc., GA)
11.2.3.3 Artegraft (Artegraft, Inc. NJ)
11.2.4 Summary
11.3 Small- diameter Acellular Grafts
11.3.1 Graft Size and Tissue Source
11.3.1.1 Inner Diameter: Below 1.0 mm
11.3.1.2 Inner Diameter: 1 to 2 mm
11.3.1.3 Inner Diameter: 3 to 4 mm
11.3.1.4 Inner Diameter: 5 to 7 mm
11.3.2 In Vivo Transplantation Models
11.3.2.1 Rodent Models
11.3.2.2 Rabbit Model
11.3.2.3 Canine Model
11.3.2.4 Porcine Model
11.3.2.5 Ovine Model
11.3.3 Surface Modification
11.3.3.1 Non- modified Surface
11.3.3.2 Cell- seeded Surface
11.3.3.3 Heparin- modified Surface
11.3.3.4 Bioactive- molecules Coating the Surface
11.3.4 REDV- modified Long- bypass Small- diameter Graft
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 – Decellularized Matrix for Corneal Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances in Development an
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Potential of Corneal Xenotransplantation by Grafting Decellularized Corneal Matrices
12.3 Decellularization Methods
12.4 Assessment of Decellularization
12.5 In Vivo Assessment of Decellularized Corneal Matrices
12.6 Commercially Available Decellularized Corneal Matrices
12.7 Limitations of Decellularized Corneal Matrices
12.8 Summary and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13 – Engineering an Endocrine Neo- Pancreas
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Existing Therapeutic Options
13.3 Artificial Endocrine Pancreas
13.4 Pancreas Transplantation
13.5 Islet Transplantation
13.6 Alternative Sources of Beta- cells and Islets of Langerhans for Transplantation and Bioengineer
13.6.1 Stem Cells as a Source for Beta- cells and Islets
13.6.2 Chimeric β-­Cells and Islets
13.7 Demand for the Bioengineered Endocrine Pancreas
13.8 The Endocrine Neo- Pancreas
13.8.1 Pancreas- derived ECM- based Endocrine Neo- Pancreas
13.8.2 Non- Pancreatic ECM- based Endocrine Neo- Pancreas
13.9 Conclusion
References
Part VI Cultured Cell-derived dECMs
Chapter 14 – Decellularized Cell- Secreted Matrices: Novel Materials for Superior Stem Cell Expansio
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Production, Isolation, and Storage of Cell- secreted Matrices
14.3 Characterization
14.4 Cell- secreted Matrices are Superior Cell Culture Substrates
14.5 Mechanism of Action
14.6 Towards Industrial- scale Cell Production and Advanced Tissue and Organoid Engineering Strategi
14.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 – Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for the Regulation of Stem Cell Differentiation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Stem Cell Differentiation on Single ECM Molecule- coated Culture Substrates
15.2.1 Stem Cell Differentiation by Biochemical Signaling Activated by ECM Molecules
15.2.2 Stem Cell Differentiation by Mechanical Signaling from ECM
15.2.3 Stem Cell Differentiation on Matrigel®
15.3 Stem Cell Differentiation on dECM
15.3.1 Comparison of dECM Sources for Stem Cell Differentiation
15.3.2 Stem Cell Differentiation in Tissue- and Organ- derived dECMs
15.3.3 Stem Cell Differentiation on Cultured Cell- derived dECMs
15.3.4 Stepwise Tissue Development- mimicking Matrices for the Regulation of Stem Cell Differentiati
15.3.5 dECMs with Tuned Mechanical Properties
15.4 Future Perspectives
15.4.1 Reproducibility of the Effects of dECMs
15.4.2 Optimization of dECM Preparation Methods
15.4.3 Mechanism Analyses
15.4.4 Alternative Sources of dECM
15.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16 – Fibroblastic Cell- derived Extracellular Matrices: A Cell Culturing System to Model Key
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The History of Using Fibroblastic CDMs as an In Vitro System
16.3 Potential Benefits of Using CDMs as In Vitro Culturing Systems
16.4 Clinically Significant Insights Gained from Studying CDMs
16.5 Effects of the Distinct ECM Biochemistry and Topography
Acknowledgements and Funding
References
Chapter 17 – Extracellular Matrix in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Neural Tissue Engineering
17.3 The Applications of Extracellular Matrix Components
17.3.1 Collagen
17.3.2 Collagen Derivatives
17.3.3 Laminin
17.3.4 Fibronectin
17.3.5 Combined Applications of Components of the Extracellular Matrix
17.4 The Applications of Entire Extracellular Matrix
17.5 The Applications of Cell- derived Decellularized Extracellular Matrix
17.6 Clinical Applications
17.7 Conclusions and Perspectives

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