Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers Biology Ecology and Disease Management 1st Edition by Gobind Singh Saharan, Naresh Mehta, Prabhu Dayal Meena ISBN 9811000212 9789811000218

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ISBN 10: 9811000212 
ISBN 13: 9789811000218
Author: Gobind Singh Saharan, Naresh Mehta, Prabhu Dayal Meena

This book deals with the various aspects viz., the disease, geographical distribution, symptoms on different hosts, host range, yield losses, and disease assessment method, while detailed description on pathogen include taxonomic position, phylogeny, variability, sporulation, perpetuation, and spore germination, host-parasite interactions in the form of seed infection, disease cycle, process of infection, and pathogenesis, epidemiology, forecasting, fine structures, biochemical changes, and phytotoxins, host defence mechanism, techniques to study host-parasite relationships, and management practices including cultural, chemical, biological control practices, and deployment of host resistance. The last section deals with gaps in our understanding, and knowledge about management of these diseases, techniques for the diagnosis of disease and offer suggestions for future research priorities. Each aspect has been vividly illustrated with photographs, histograms, figures, tables, electron micrographs for stimulating, effective and easy reading and understanding. We are sure that this comprehensive encyclopaedic treatise on “Alternaria diseases of crucifers” will be of immense use to the researchers, teachers, students and all others who are interested in the diagnosis and management of Alternaria diseases of crucifers world over. Four species of Alternaria are wide spread and most devastating on cruciferous oil yielding crops, vegetables, forage crops, ornamental plants, and numerous weeds all over the world. The damage to the plants is in the form of infections on seed in the soil during sowing, on seedlings during emergence and growth, on stem, leaves, inflorescence, pods and finally to the seed causing yield losses in seed quantity and quality. 

Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers Biology, Ecology and Disease Management 1st Table of contents:

1: Introduction

1.1 Status of Genus Alternaria

1.2 Brassica Crops

1.3 The Disease

1.4 The Pathogen

1.5 Epidemiology and Forecasting

1.6 Pathogenic Variability

1.7 Fine Structures

1.8 Biochemistry

1.9 Resistance

1.10 Phytotoxins

1.11 Disease Management

1.12 Techniques

References

2: The Disease

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Synonyms

2.3 Symptomatology

2.3.1 Rapeseed–Mustard

2.3.2 Taramira (Eruca sativa)

2.3.3 Crambe (Crambe abyssinica)

2.3.4 Garden Stock (Matthiola incana)

2.3.5 Vegetable Crops (Cruciferous Vegetables)

2.3.6 Weeds

2.4 Geographical Distribution

2.5 Host Range

2.6 Yield Losses

2.6.1 Rapeseed–Mustard

2.6.2 Crambe

2.6.3 Vegetable Crops (Cruciferous Vegetables)

2.7 Disease Assessment Keys/Severity Charts

2.7.1 Visual Assessment Methods

2.7.1.1 Descriptive Keys

2.7.1.2 Standard Area Diagrams

2.7.2 Incidence–Severity Relationships

2.7.3 Inoculum–Disease Intensity Relationships

2.7.4 Remote Sensing Method

2.7.5 Video Image Analysis

2.7.6 Stress Tolerance Attributes

References

3: Pathogen

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Historical

3.3 Phylogeny

3.4 Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Morphology

3.4.1 Type species: Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl

3.5 Classification

3.6 Morphology of Alternaria species Pathogenic on Cruciferous Crops

3.6.1 Type Species: Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire

3.6.2 Type Species: Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc.

3.6.3 Type Species: Alternaria raphani Groves & Skolko

3.6.4 Type Species: Alternaria cheiranthi (Lib.) Bolle

3.7 The Infection Process

3.8 Identification of Alternaria Genes

3.9 Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Sequences

3.10 Identification, Cloning and Sequencing of Virulence Genes

3.11 Identification of Pathogenicity Factors

3.12 Growth and Sporulation

3.12.1 Culture Media

3.12.2 Temperature and Relative Humidity

3.12.3 Hydrogen Ion Concentrations (pH)

3.12.4 Light and Darkness

3.13 Perpetuation

3.14 Spore Germination

3.14.1 Effect of Culture Media

3.14.2 Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity

3.14.3 Effect of Host Extract and Exudates

3.14.4 Effect of Light Intensity

3.15 Seed Infection

3.15.1 Location of Seed-Borne Infection

3.15.2 Disease Transmission in the Field

3.15.3 Effect of Seed Treatment

References

4: Infection Process, Pathogenesis and Disease Cycle

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Infection and Pathogenesis

4.3 Transcription Factors Associated with Pathogenesis

4.3.1 Melanin Biosynthesis and Virulence in A. brassicicola

4.3.2 Mutation of the Amr1 Gene Unexpectedly Causes Increased Virulence

4.4 The Cause of Increased Virulence in ∆amr1 Mutants

4.5 Evolution of Virulence in A. brassicicola

4.6 Identification of Pathogenicity Factors

4.7 Disease Cycle

References

5: Epidemiology and Forecasting

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Disease Development in Relation to Environmental Conditions

5.3 Disease Development in Relation to Nutrition and Cultural Conditions

5.4 Disease Development in Relation to Host Resistance

5.5 Disease Development in Relation to Flea Beetle

5.6 Disease Development in Relation to Barrier Crops

5.7 Models to Describe the Progress of the Disease

5.8 Disease Forecasting

References

6: Pathogenic Variability

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Historical Developments

6.3 Pathological Variations

6.4 Symptomatological Variations

6.5 Morphological and Cultural Variations

6.6 Genetic Variability

6.7 Molecular Techniques

6.8 Proteome Analysis

6.9 Nutritional Variability

6.10 Biochemical Variability

6.11 Fungicidal and Plant Extracts Sensitivity

6.12 Thermal Sensitivity

6.13 Identification and Nomenclature of Pathotypes

References

7: Fine Structures and Electron Microscopy

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Fine Structures and Electron Microscopy

References

8: Biochemistry of Host–Pathogen Interaction

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Biochemical Changes in the Host

8.3 Biochemical Changes in the Pathogen

8.4 Glucosinolates

8.5 Metabolites Produced

References

9: Resistance

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Genetics of Host–Parasite Interaction

9.2.1 Inheritance of Resistance

9.2.2 Disease Tolerance

9.2.3 Components of Horizontal Resistance

9.3 Morphological Resistance

9.4 Epicuticular Wax

9.5 Biochemical Basis of Resistance

9.6 Proteome-Level Resistance

9.7 Induced Resistance

9.8 Identification, Cloning and Sequencing of Resistant Genes

9.9 Elicitation of Phytoalexins

9.10 Calcium Sequestration

9.11 Sources of Resistance

9.11.1 Sources of Resistance from Cruciferous Relatives

9.12 Sources of Multiple Disease Resistance

9.13 Relationship between Major Foliar Diseases

9.14 Development of Resistant Cultivars

9.15 Strategies and Methods of Screening for Resistance

9.16 Bottlenecks in Resistance Breeding

9.17 Biotechnological Approaches

9.17.1 In Vitro Embryo Rescue

9.17.2 Somatic Hybridization

9.17.3 Somaclonal Variations

9.17.4 Genetic Transformation

9.17.5 Molecular Markers

9.17.6 Induction of Systemic Resistance

9.17.7 Genetic Engineering

9.18 Factors Affecting Plant Disease Resistance

9.19 Accessing and Exploiting Genetic Diversity

References

10: Phytotoxins

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Historical Developments

10.3 Metabolites from Alternaria

10.3.1 Classification and Occurrence

10.4 Effect on Plants at Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Level

10.4.1 Physiological Level

10.4.2 Biochemical Level

10.4.3 Molecular Level

10.5 Role of Toxins in the Infection Process

10.6 Toxin Biosynthesis

10.7 Mode of Action of Host-­Specific Toxins

10.8 Role of Toxin in Host Defence against Alternaria species

10.9 In Silico Protein–Protein Interaction

References

11: Disease Management

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Cultural Measures

11.3 Seed Treatment

11.3.1 Hot Water Treatment

11.3.2 Chemical Treatment

11.3.3 Bioagent Treatment

11.4 Chemical Control

11.4.1 Effect of Fungicides on Host Growth

11.5 Biological Control

11.5.1 Plant Extracts as Fungitoxicants

11.5.2 Antagonists for Biocontrol

11.5.3 Mechanisms of Biocontrol

11.5.4 Biological Control vs. Biochemical Changes

11.6 Host Resistance

11.7 Fungicidal Resistance

11.8 Integrated Disease Management

References

12: Techniques

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Stem Explant Culture Inoculation

12.3 Leaf Disc Inoculation

12.4 Detached Leaf and Pod Inoculation

12.5 Detached Leaf Inoculation

12.6 Greenhouse Method for Testing Resistance

12.7 Brassica Germ-Plasm Screening for Resistance through AB Toxin

12.8 Semi-Selective Medium for Detecting Seed-Borne A. brassicicola

12.9 Radish Root Extract Agar for A. brassicae Sporulation

12.10 Inducing Sporulation of A. brassicae

12.11 Brassica Callus Culture to Induce Sporulation in Alternaria brassicae

12.12 Method of Estimating Alternaria brassicicola in Seed

12.13 Identification of Fungicide Antagonists in Leaf Exudates

12.14 Ovary and Ovule Culture

12.15 Method for Evaluating Partial Resistance to Alternaria brassicicola

12.16 Tissue Culture

12.17 Inoculation Methods for Pathogenesis of Alternaria brassicae

12.18 PCR-Based Assay for Detecting Alternaria brassicae in Cruciferous Seed

12.18.1 Preparation of Seed Samples

12.18.2 DNA Manipulation

12.18.3 PCR-Based Assay

12.19 Quantitative Inoculation Method

12.20 Assessment of Methods of Inoculation for Resistance to Alternaria

12.20.1 Method of Inoculation

12.20.2 Detached True Leaf Inoculation

12.20.3 Infection Score and Disease Index

12.21 Image-Based Disease Identification

12.22 ELISA Diagnostic Kits

12.23 Direct Tissue Blotting

12.24 Nucleic Acid Probes

12.24.1 Squash Blot Method

12.24.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

12.24.3 DNA Microarray Technology

References

13: Future Strategies and Priorities for the Management of Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers

13.1 Disease Epidemiology and Forecasting

13.2 Physiological Specialization

13.3 Genetics of Resistance

13.4 Genetics of Virulence

13.5 Exploitation of Morphological, Structural and Biochemical Basis of Resistance

13.6 Comparative Studies on All Aspects of Host–Parasite Interaction

13.7 Phytotoxins

13.8 Genome Sequencing

13.9 Disease Control Strategy

13.10 Integrated Management

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