Anthropology The Human Challenge 15th Edition by William Haviland, Harald Prins, Walrath, Bunny McBride ISBN 9781305633797 1305633792

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ISBN 10: 1305633792
ISBN 13: 9781305633797
Author: William Haviland, Harald Prins, Walrath, Bunny McBride

Anthropology The Human Challenge 15th Edition Table of contents:

Chapter 1. The Essence of Anthropology

The Anthropological Perspective

Anthropology and Its Fields

Cultural Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology

Archaeology

Biological Anthropology

Anthropology, Science, and the Humanities

Doing Anthropology in the Field

Questions of Ethics

Anthropology and Globalization

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 2. Characteristics of Culture

Culture and Adaptation

The Concept and Characteristics of Culture

Culture Is Learned

Culture Is Shared

Culture Is Based on Symbols

Culture Is Integrated

Culture Is Dynamic

Functions of Culture

Culture, Society, and the Individual

Culture and Change

Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Evaluation of Cultures

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 3. Ethnographic Research—Its History, Methods, and Theories

History of Ethnographic Research and Its Uses

Salvage Ethnography or Urgent Anthropology

Acculturation Studies

Applied Anthropology

Studying Cultures at a Distance

Studying Contemporary State Societies

Studying Peasant Communities

Advocacy Anthropology

Studying Up

Globalization and Multi-Sited Ethnography

Doing Ethnography

Site Selection and Research Question

Preparatory Research

Participant Observation: Ethnographic Tools and Aids

Data Gathering: The Ethnographer’s Approach

Challenges of Ethnographic Fieldwork

Social Acceptance

Physical Danger

Subjectivity, Reflexivity, and Validation

Completing an Ethnography

Building Ethnological Theories

Ethnology and the Comparative Method

A Brief Overview of Anthropology’s Theoretical Perspectives

Mentalist Perspective

Materialist Perspective

Other Theoretical Perspectives

Ethical Responsibilities in Anthropological Research

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 4. Becoming Human—The Origin and Diversity of Our Species

Humans and Other Primates

An African Perspective on Great Apes

Europeans Classify Apes as Humanlike Animals

Linnaeus Orders the Natural System

A Short History of Research on Evolution and Genetics

Darwin as Father of Evolutionary Theory

Mendel as Father of Genetics

A Microscopic Perspective on Biological Evolution

Molecular Clock

Genetic Mapping

Evolution through Adaptation

Primate Anatomical Adaptation

Primate Behavioral Adaptation

Human Ancestors

The First Bipeds

Early Homo

Archaic Humans

Neandertals

Denisovans as Long-Lost Archaic Cousins

Global Expansion of Homo Sapiens

Anatomically Modern Peoples in the Upper Paleolithic

Human Migrations from Siberia to America

New Human Era with the Domestication of Animals and Plants

Human Biological Variation and the Problem of Race

Skin Color

Race as a Social Construct

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 5. Language and Communication

Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language

Descriptive Linguistics

Phonology

Morphology, Syntax, and Grammar

Historical Linguistics

Processes of Linguistic Divergence

Language Loss and Revival

Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings

Sociolinguistics

Ethnolinguistics

Language Versatility

Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System

Nonverbal Communication

Paralanguage

Tonal Languages

Talking Drums and Whistled Speech

The Origins of Language

From Speech to Writing

Literacy and Modern Telecommunication

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 6. Social Identity, Personality, and Gender

Enculturation: The Self and Social Identity

Self-Awareness

Social Identity through Personal Naming

Self and the Behavioral Environment

Culture and Personality

A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Gender and Personality

Case Study: Childrearing and Gender among the Ju/’Hoansi

Three Childrearing Patterns

Group Personality

Alternative Gender Models

Intersexuality

Transgender

Castration

The Social Context of Sexual and Gender Identity

Normal and Abnormal Personality in Social Context

Sadhus: Holy Men in Hindu Culture

Mental Disorders across Time and Cultures

Personal Identity and Mental Health in Globalizing Society

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 7. Patterns of Subsistence

Adaptation

Adaptation, Environment, and Ecosystem

Case Study: The Tsembaga

Adaptation and Culture Areas

Modes of Subsistence

Food-Foraging Societies

Characteristics of Food-Foraging Societies

How Technology Impacts Cultural Adaptations among Foragers

Food-Producing Societies

Producing Food in Gardens: Horticulture

Producing Food on Farms: Agriculture

Mixed Farming: Crop Growing and Animal Breeding

Herding Grazing Animals: Pastoralism

Case Study: Bakhtiari Herders

Intensive Agriculture: Urbanization and Peasantry

Industrial Food Production

Adaptation in Cultural Evolution

Types of Cultural Evolution

Case Study: The Environmental Collapse of Easter Island

Population Growth and the Limits of Progress

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 8. Economic Systems

Economic Anthropology

Case Study: The Yam Complex in Trobriand Culture

Production and Its Resources

Land and Water Resources

Technology Resources

Labor Resources and Patterns

Distribution and Exchange

Reciprocity

Redistribution

Market Exchange and the Marketplace

Money as a Means of Exchange

Local Economies and Global Capitalism

Informal Economy and the Escape from State Bureaucracy

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 9. Sex, Marriage, and Family

Regulation of Sexual Relations

Marriage and the Regulation of Sexual Relations

Marriage as a Universal Institution

Sexual and Marriage Practices among the Nayar

Incest Taboo

Endogamy and Exogamy

Distinction between Marriage and Mating

Forms of Marriage

Monogamy

Polygamy

Other Forms of Marriage

Choice of Spouse

Cousin Marriage

Same-Sex Marriage

Marriage and Economic Exchange

Divorce

Family and Household

Forms of the Family

Residence Patterns

Marriage, Family, and Household in Our Technological and Globalized World

Adoption and New Reproductive Technologies

Migrant Workforces

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 10. Kinship and Descent

Descent Groups

Unilineal Descent

Other Forms of Descent

Descent within the Larger Cultural System

Lineage Exogamy

From Lineage to Clan

Phratry and Moiety

Bilateral Kinship and the Kindred

Kinship Terminology and Kinship Groups

The Eskimo System

The Hawaiian System

The Iroquois System

Making Relatives

Fictive Kin by Ritual Adoption

Kinship and New Reproductive Technology

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 11. Grouping by Gender, Age, Common Interest, and Social Status

Grouping by Gender

Grouping by Age

Institutions of Age Grouping

Age Grouping in East Africa

Grouping by Common Interest

Kinds of Common-Interest Associations

Men’s and Women’s Associations

Associations in the Digital Age

Grouping by Social Status in Stratified Societies

Social Class and Caste

Historical Racial Segregation in South Africa and the United States

Indicators of Social Status

Maintaining Stratification

Social Mobility

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 12. Politics, Power, War, and Peace

Systems of Political Organization

Uncentralized Political Systems

Centralized Political Systems

Political Systems and the Question of Authority

Politics and Religion

Politics and Gender

Cultural Controls in Maintaining Order

Internalized Control

Externalized Control

Cultural Control: Witchcraft

Holding Trials, Settling Disputes, and Punishing Crimes

Violent Conflict and Warfare

Why War?

Evolution of Warfare

Ideologies of Aggression

Genocide

Armed Conflicts Today

Peacemaking

Peace through Diplomacy

Politics of Nonviolent Resistance

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 13. Spirituality, Religion, and Shamanism

Roles of Spirituality and Religion

Anthropological Approach to Spirituality and Religion

Myth and the Mapping of a Sacred Worldview

Supernatural Beings and Spiritual Forces

Gods and Goddesses

Ancestral Spirits

Other Types of Supernatural Beings and Spiritual Forces

Religious Specialists

Priests and Priestesses

Spiritual Lineages: Legitimizing Religious Leadership

Shamans

Ritual Performances

Rites of Purification: Taboo and Cleansing Ceremonies

Rites of Passage

Rites of Intensification

Magical Rituals

Sacred Sites: Saints, Shrines, and Miracles

Pilgrimages: Devotion in Motion

Desecration: Ruining Sacred Sites

Cultural Dynamics in the Superstructure: Religious and Spiritual Change

Revitalization Movements

Syncretic Religions

Syncretic Religions across the Atlantic: Vodou in Haiti

Secularization and Religious Pluralism

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 14. The Arts

The Anthropological Study of Art

Visual Art

Verbal Art

Musical Art

The Functions of Art

Art, Globalization, and Cultural Survival

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 15. Processes of Cultural Change

Cultural Change and the Relativity of Progress

Mechanisms of Change

Innovation

Diffusion

Cultural Loss

Repressive Change

Acculturation and Ethnocide

Case Study: Ethnocide of the Yąnomami in Amazonia

Directed Change

Reactions to Change

Syncretism

Revitalization Movements

Rebellion and Revolution

Modernization

Indigenous Accommodation to Modernization

Globalization in the “Underdeveloped” World

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Chapter 16. Global Challenges, Local Responses, and the Role of Anthropology

Cultural Revolutions: From Terra Incognita to Google Earth

A Global Culture?

Global Integration Processes

Pluralistic Societies and Multiculturalism

Pluralistic Societies and Fragmentation

Structural Power in the Age of Globalization

Military Hard Power

Economic Hard Power

Soft Power: A Global Media Environment

Problems of Structural Violence

Poverty

Hunger, Obesity, and Malnutrition

Pollution and Global Warming

Reactions to Globalization

Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: Struggles for Human Rights

Anthropology’s Role in Meeting the Challenges of Globalization

Chapter Checklist

Questions for Reflection

Digging into Anthropology

Bibliography

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