Atlas of Normal Imaging Variations of the Brain Skull and Craniocervical Vasculature 1st Edition by Alexander M Mckinney ISBN 3319397893 978-3319397894

Atlas of Normal Imaging Variations of the Brain Skull and Craniocervical Vasculature 1st Edition by Alexander M Mckinney – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery:3319397893 ,978-3319397894
Full download Atlas of Normal Imaging Variations of the Brain Skull and Craniocervical Vasculature 1st Edition after payment

Product details: 

ISBN 10: 3319397893

ISBN 13: 978-3319397894

Author: Alexander M Mckinney

This atlas presents normal imaging variations of the brain, skull, and craniocervical vasculature. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT) have advanced dramatically in the past 10 years, particularly in regard to new techniques and 3D imaging. One of the major problems experienced by radiologists and clinicians is the interpretation of normal variants as compared with the abnormalities that the variants mimic. Through an extensive collection of images, this book offers a spectrum of appearances for each variant with accompanying 3D imaging for confirmation; explores common artifacts on MR and CT that simulate disease; discusses each variant in terms of the relevant anatomy; and presents comparison cases for the purpose of distinguishing normal findings from abnormalities. It includes both common variants as well as newly identified variants that are visualized by recently developed techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging and multidetector/multislice CT. Thebook also highlights normal imaging variants in pediatric cases.

 

Atlas of Normal Imaging Variations of the Brain, Skull, and Craniocervical Vasculature is a valuable resource for neuroradiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and radiologists in interpreting the most common and identifiable variants and using the best methods to classify them expediently.

Table of contents: 

Part I: Brain

1: Brain: Introduction

1.1 Terminology

2: Cerebellar Tonsillar Ectopia

Suggested Reading

3: Cerebellar Flocculus Pseudomass

Suggested Reading

4: Mega Cisterna Magna and Retrocerebellar Arachnoid Cysts

4.1 Retrocerebellar Arachnoid Cyst

4.2 Fetal MRI of the Normal Posterior Fossa Versus True Abnormalities

Suggested Reading

5: Cranial Nerve VII: Normal Contrast Enhancement on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

5.1 Vestibular Aqueduct Enhancement

Suggested Reading

6: Meckel Cave Prominence, Asymmetry, and Petrous Apex Cephaloceles

Suggested Reading

7: Cavernous Sinus Fat and Pseudomasses

7.1 Cavernous Sinus Pseudomass on CT

Suggested Reading

8: Pituitary Variations, Artifacts, Primary Empty Sella, and Incidentalomas

8.1 Lateral Anterior Lobe Pituitary Enhancement

8.2 Pituitary Hypertrophy and Tenting

8.3 Infundibular Shift or Tilt and Pituitary Asymmetry

8.4 Infundibular Hyperintensity on Three-­Dimensional FLAIR

8.5 Artifacts Simulating Pituitary Microadenomas

8.6 Primary Empty Sella (PES): Partial Form

8.7 Rathke Cleft and Pars Intermedia Cysts

Suggested Reading

9: Liliequist Membrane

Suggested Reading

10: Pineal Gland: Normal Size, Appearance, and Enhancement

10.1 The Pineal Gland: Normal Calcifications

10.2 Pineal Cysts

Suggested Reading

11: Choroid Plexus: Normal Locations and Appearances

11.1 Choroid Plexus Cysts

11.2 Choroidal Fissure and Neuroepithelial Cysts

11.3 Choroid Plexus Xanthogranulomas

11.4 Choroid Plexus and Pericallosal Lipomas

11.5 Choroidal Fissure Asymmetry

Suggested Reading

12: Hippocampi, Caudate Tail, and Ependymal Variants

12.1 Hippocampal Cysts

12.2 Caudate Tail Pseudolesion and Hippocampal Anatomy

12.3 Hippocampal Corrugated Appearance

12.4 Periventricular Ependymal Pseudolesion, Ependymitis Granularis, and Connatal Cysts

References

Suggested Reading

13: Midline Variants of the Septum Pellucidum, Corpus Callosum, and Massa Intermedia

13.1 Cavum Septum Pellucidum, Cavum Et Vergae, and Cavum Velum Interpositum

13.2 Subcallosal/Paraterminal Pseudomass on Midline Sagittal Images

13.3 Massa Intermedia Pseudomass on Sagittal T1WI

13.4 Callosal-Septal and Pericallosal Pseudolesions on Sagittal FLAIR MRI

13.5 Callosal Isthmus

13.6 Callosal Vascular Indentation by the Anterior Cerebral Artery or Its Branches

Suggested Reading

14: Dilated Perivascular Spaces

14.1 Dilated Perivascular Spaces: Type I

14.2 Extensive Type 1 Dilated Perivascular Spaces: État Criblé

14.3 Dilated Perivascular Spaces: Type II

14.4 Dilated Perivascular Spaces: Type III

14.5 Tumefactive Perivascular Spaces

References

Suggested Reading

15: Enlargement or Asymmetry of the Lateral Ventricles Simulating Hydrocephalus

Suggested Reading

16: Cerebral or Cerebellar Volume Loss Simulating Subdural Hematomas, Hygromas, and Arachnoid Cysts

16.1 Cerebellar (Without Cerebral) Volume Loss Simulating Chronic Subdural Hematomas or Hygromas

16.2 Cerebellar and Cerebral Atrophy Simulating Chronic Subdural Hematomas or Hygromas

16.3 Cerebral (Without Cerebellar) Atrophy Simulating Chronic Subdural Hematomas or Hygromas

16.4 Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces Simulating Cyst, Subdural, or Encephalomalacia

Suggested Reading

17: Dural Calcifications: Normal Locations and Appearances

Suggested Reading

18: Pseudo-leptomeningeal Contrast Enhancement

Suggested Reading

19: Basal Ganglia: Physiologic Calcifications

19.1 Basal Ganglia Calcifications: Unilateral or Asymmetric

Suggested Reading

20: Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging: Concepts, Basal Ganglia Variation in Age-Related Iron Depositio

20.1 Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging: Phase Maps

20.2 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Normal Basal Ganglial Iron Deposition

20.3 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Normal Iron Deposition at 0 to 10 Years of Age

20.4 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Normal Iron Deposition at 10 to 20 Years of Age

20.5 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Normal Iron Deposition at 20 to 40 Years of Age

20.6 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Normal Iron Deposition at 40 to 60 Years of Age

20.7 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Normal Iron Deposition at 60+ Years of Age

20.8 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Artifacts Simulating Hemorrhages

20.9 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Artifact from Air-Bone Interfaces and Gas

20.10 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Artifacts from Metal Extensively Obscuring the Cranium

20.11 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Motion-Related Artifact

20.12 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Vasculature Simulating Microhemorrhages

20.13 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Choroid Plexus Simulating Microhemorrhages

20.14 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Postcontrast Appearance and the Use of Subtraction Imaging

Suggested Reading

21: Slow-Flow, Asymptomatic Vascular Malformations: Brain Capillary Telangiectasias and Development

21.1 Brain Capillary Telangiectasias

21.1.1 Brain Capillary Telangiectasias: Pontine

21.2 Capillary Telangiectasias: Cerebellar and Medullary

21.2.1 Capillary Telangiectasias: Basal Ganglial, Capsular, Frontal Basal, Insular, and Thalamic

21.2.2 Capillary Telangiectasias: Callosal and Cingulate

21.2.3 Capillary Telangiectasias: Lobar

21.3 Developmental Venous Anomalies

21.3.1 Developmental Venous Anomalies: Cerebellar

21.3.2 Developmental Venous Anomalies: Lobar

21.3.3 Developmental Venous Anomalies: Giant and Holohemispheric Types

21.3.4 Overlap Between Developmental Venous Anomaly and Capillary Telangiectasia

21.3.5 Comparison Cases of Symptomatic Developmental Venous Anomalies

21.3.5.1 Comparison Cases: Cavernomas with Developmental Venous Anomalies and Arteriovenous Malfo

Suggested Reading

22: Brain MRI Pseudolesions: 3.0 T Imaging, FLAIR, and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging

22.1 FLAIR and DWI Pseudolesions at 3 T

22.1.1 Cingulate, Insula, and Orbitofrontal Cortices

22.1.2 Periventricular White Matter

22.1.3 Corticospinal Tracts

22.1.4 Decussation of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

22.1.5 Hippocampi and Amygdalae

22.2 FLAIR Pseudolesions at 3 T Due to 3D Acquisition

22.3 DWI Artifacts and Causes of Hyperintensity

22.3.1 DWI: Effect of Varying b Values on CSF Contrast and Normal White Matter Anisotropy

22.3.2 DWI: Directional Anisotropy Demonstrated in Three Orthogonal Planes

22.3.3 DWI Pseudolesions: Cortical Hyperintensity at 3 T Mimics Hypoxic-­Ischemic Encephalopathy

22.3.4 DWI Pseudolesions: Periventricular White Matter

22.3.5 DWI: T2 Shine-Through Effect

22.3.6 DWI: T2 Washout Effect

22.3.7 DWI: T2 Blackout Effect

22.3.8 DWI: Susceptibility Artifacts

22.3.9 DWI: Phase Ghosting Artifact

22.3.10 DWI: Motion Artifact

22.3.11 DWI: Unfolding Artifacts from Parallel Acquisition

22.3.12 DWI: Mechanical Vibration and Eddy Current Artifacts

22.3.13 DWI: Susceptibility and Field Inhomogeneity Artifacts in Head Coil Absence

Suggested Reading

23: Pediatric Brain: Normal Variations in Development, Maturation, and Myelination

23.1 Neonatal “Patchy” White Matter Hypoattenuation on CT

23.2 Normal T1-Bright Basal Ganglia in Term Neonates on 3T MRI

23.3 Normal Myelination and Variation in Term Neonates at 3T

23.3.1 Normal Myelination in Term Neonates at 3T: Craniocervical Junction to the Mid Medulla

23.3.2 Normal Myelination in Term Neonates at 3T: Upper Medulla to Mid Pons

23.3.3 Normal Myelination in Term Neonates at 3T: Mid Pons to Mid Mesencephalon

23.3.4 Normal Myelination in Term Neonates at 3T: Basal Ganglia and Thalami

23.3.5 Normal Myelination in Term Neonates at 3T: Perirolandic Cortex and Corona Radiata

23.4 Comparison Cases of Hypoxic-­Ischemic Injury and Other Insults in Term Neonates

23.5 Subcortical Low Signal on Diffusion-­Weighted Imaging in Neonates and Very Young Infants

23.6 Normal Myelination in Infants and Young Children

23.6.1 Normal Myelination in Infants: Appearance at the Age of 1–2 Months

23.6.2 Normal Myelination in Infants: Appearance at the Age of 3–4 Months

23.6.3 Normal Myelination in Infants: Appearance at the Age of 5–6 Months

23.6.4 Normal Myelination in Infants: Appearance at the Age of 7–8 Months

23.6.5 Normal Myelination in Infants: Appearance at the Age of 9–10 Months

23.6.6 Normal Myelination in Infants: Appearance at the Age of 11–13 Months

23.6.6.1 Normal Myelination: Appearance at the Age of 14–18 Months

23.6.6.2 Normal Myelination: Appearance at the Age of 18–24 Months

23.6.7 Terminal Zones After 2 Years of Age

23.6.8 Variants that Occur Solely in Young Infants

23.6.8.1 Residual Germinal Matrix in Preterm and Term Infants during the Neonatal Period

23.6.8.2 Normal Anterior Pituitary Hyperintensity in the Neonate and Early Infancy

23.6.9 Benign Enlargement of the Subarachnoid Spaces of Infancy

References

Suggested Reading

Part II: Skull

24: Skull: Introduction

25: Pediatric Skull: Normal Pediatric Sutures on Computed Tomography

25.1 Pediatric Skull Base: Intraoccipital Sutures and Kerckring Ossicle

25.2 Pediatric Skull Base: Intraoccipital, Petrooccipital, and Occipitomastoid Sutures

25.3 Intraoccipital Suture Intrasutural Bone Normal Variant

25.4 Kerckring Ossicle and Posterior Intraoccipital Suture Incomplete Fusion Persisting as “Pse

25.4.1 Occipito-Mastoid Suture: Variations in Fusion and Asymmetry

25.4.2 Mendosal Sutures in Young Infants

25.4.3 Sutures: Fronto-Ethmoidal, Spheno-­Ethmoidal, Fronto-Sphenoidal, Zygomatico-Sphenoidal, and

25.4.4 Zygomatico-Frontal and Spheno-­Ethmoidal Sutures Versus Fractures

25.4.5 Sphenoid Fontanelle, Frontosphenoidal Suture, and Sphenosquamosal Suture

25.4.6 Prominent Mastoid Fontanelle

Suggested Reading

26: Skull Base Foramina: Normal Variations and Developmental Defects

26.1 Foramen Cecum

26.2 Interplanum Ethmoidal Defect

26.3 Rostro-orbital Pseudoforamen

26.4 Anterior Foramen of Presphenoid

26.5 Posterior Foramen of the Sphenoid (also Known as the Craniopharyngeal Canal)

26.6 Intralateromedial Defects of the Postsphenoid

26.7 Intrapostsphenoidal Pseudoforamen

26.8 Postsphenoidal Cleft

26.9 Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis

26.10 Anterior Basioccipital Clefts

26.11 Parasagittal Defects of the Basiocciput (Basioticum Variant)

26.12 Canalis Basilaris Medianus

26.13 Basioccipital Raphe

26.14 Normal Asymmetry or Prominence of Skull Base Foramina: Jugular and Hypoglossal

26.15 Jugular Diverticulum (Also Known as “High-Riding Jugular Bulb” or Dehiscence)

26.16 Comparison Cases: Masses of the Hypoglossal and Jugular Foramina

26.17 Normal Asymmetry or Prominence of Skull Base Foramina: Bulbous Internal Auditory Canals

26.18 Normal Asymmetry or Prominence of Skull Base Foramina: Asymmetric Foramen Ovale

Suggested Reading

27: Normal Variations and Developmental Anatomy of the Calvarial Sutures and Fontanelles Above t

27.1 Anterior Fontanelle and Metopic Suture

27.2 Squamosal Suture and Petrosquamosal Fissure Persistence

27.3 Posterior Fontanelle: Appearance in Newborns and Persistence Later in Life

27.4 Persistent Coronal, Lambdoid, and Sagittal Sutures in Adults

27.5 Pediatric and Adult Skull: Intrasutural Bones

27.6 Overlapping Sutures and Scaphocephaly of Newborns, Children, and Adults

27.7 Positional Flattening (Plagiocephaly) of the Parieto-occipital Skull in Infants

27.8 Bathrocephaly

References

Suggested Reading

28: Emissary Veins, Vascular-Containing Foramina, and Vascular Depressions of the Skull

28.1 Vascular Channels Through the Orbital Roof Simulating Fracture

28.2 Foramen of Vesalius and the Sphenoidal Emissary Vein

28.3 Hypoglossal Canal Asymmetry and Emissary Veins

28.4 Condylar Canal (Posterior) Emissary Veins

28.5 Mastoid Emissary Veins Adjacent to or Through the Occipitomastoid Suture

28.6 Occipital Foramina

28.7 Parietal Foramina

28.8 Diploic Veins (Venous Lakes)

28.9 Other Emissary Veins or Linear Vascular Channels Simulating Fractures

Suggested Reading

29: Normal Variations in Calvarial Contour, Irregular Ossification/Aeration, and Inward/Outward Pr

29.1 Convolutional Markings

29.2 Cristal Galli on T1-Weighted MRI

29.3 Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna

29.4 Enostoses and Exostoses of the Calvarium

29.5 External and Internal Occipital Protuberances

29.6 Petrous Apex Normal Variants that May Mimic Disease: Fatty Marrow, Aeration, Hyperostosis

29.7 Anterior Clinoid, Posterior Clinoid, and Dorsum Sella Variants that Simulate Disease

29.8 Incomplete Aeration (Arrested Pneumatization) of the Skull Base

References

30: Other “Don’t Touch” Skull Lesions: Arachnoid Granulations, Calvarial Depressions, Hemangio

30.1 Arachnoid (Pacchionian) Granulations: CT and MRI Pitfalls

30.2 Calvarial Depressions that Contain Vasculature, Mimicking Lytic Lesions

30.2.1 Calvarial (Intraosseous) Lipomas

30.2.2 Calvarial (Intraosseous) Hemangiomas

References

Part III: Craniocervical Vasculature

31: Craniocervical Vasculature: Introduction

32: Aortic Arch and Great Vessel Origin Arterial Variants

32.1 Common Origin (“Bovine Arch”) and Truncus Bicaroticus

32.2 Left Arch with Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery

32.3 Right-Sided Aortic Arch and Double Aortic Arch

32.4 Arch Origin of Left Vertebral Artery and other Vertebral Artery Variant Arch Origins

32.5 Arch Origin of the External Carotid Artery

References

33: Cervical Carotid and Vertebral Arterial Variants

33.1 Common Carotid Origin of the Vertebral Artery

33.2 Other Rare Vertebral Artery Origin Variants: External Carotid Origin and Duplication

33.3 Anomalous Level of Vertebral Artery Entry Into the Transverse Foramen or Dura

33.4 Hypoplastic Vertebral Artery

33.5 Hypoplastic Internal Carotid Artery

33.6 External Carotid Branches Arising from the Internal Carotid Artery

Suggested Reading

34: Tortuous Cervical and Intracranial Arteries and Basilar-Carotid Dolichoectasia

34.1 Tortuous Great Vessel Origins

34.2 Vertebral-Basilar Dolichoectasia, Tortuosity, and Carotid Ectasia

34.3 Upper Cervical Carotid “Kinking” and Tortuous Internal Carotid Arteries

34.4 Retropharyngeal Internal Carotid Artery

34.5 Aberrant Internal Carotid Artery

References

35: Miscellaneous Cervical Venous Variants

35.1 Internal Jugular Vein Asymmetry

35.2 External Jugular Prominence

35.3 Vertebral Vein or Plexus Simulating Dissection

35.4 Vertebral Venous Plexus Normal Progressive Enhancement

References

36: Intracranial Posterior Circulation Variants

36.1 Vertebrobasilar Fenestrations

36.2 Extradural Origin of the PICA

36.3 AICA-PICA Variations in Size and Supply

36.4 AICA Looping into the Internal Auditory Canal

36.5 PCA and SCA Duplications, Fenestrations, and Common Origins

36.6 Hypoplastic PCA and “Fetal PCA”

References

37: Intracranial Anterior Circulation Variants

37.1 Internal Carotid Artery Duplication or Fenestration

37.2 Dorsal Ophthalmic Artery

37.3 Anterior Communicating and Anterior Cerebral Artery Fenestrations

37.4 Hypoplasia or Absence of the Anterior Cerebral Artery A1 segment

37.5 “Azygous” ACA and Bihemispheric ACA

37.6 Median Artery of the Corpus Callosum (“Triple ACA”)

37.7 Primitive Olfactory Artery or Olfactory Course of the Anterior Cerebral Artery

37.8 Orbitofrontal or Frontopolar Branch Prominence

37.9 Middle Cerebral Artery Early Branching

37.10 Duplicated MCA, Accessory MCA, and Fenestration

37.11 Prominent Lenticulostriate Branches

References

38: Infundibular Outpouchings of Intracranial Arteries

References

39: Persistent Carotid-Basilar and Carotid-­Vertebral Anastomoses

References

40: Variations in the Intracranial Venous System

40.1 Hypoglossal Canal and Other Skull Base Emissary Veins

40.2 Asymmetric Prominence of the Internal Jugular Vein and Foramen

40.3 Basilar Plexus and Petrosal Sinuses Along the Posterior Sphenoid/Clivus

40.4 Intercavernous Sinuses

40.5 Anterior Pontomesencephalic Vein

40.6 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Deep Veins, Transmedullary Veins, and Subventricular Veins

40.7 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Cerebellar Veins

40.8 Susceptibility-Weighted Images: Basal Cerebral Venous System

40.9 Basal Vein of Rosenthal and Deep Middle Cerebral Veins Asymmetry

40.10 Lateral Tentorial Sinus Prominence

40.11 Superficial Middle Cerebral Vein or Plexus Simulating Aneurysm or Arteriovenous Malformation

40.12 Sphenoparietal Sinus Variants

40.13 Prominence of the Superficial Anastomotic Veins of Trolard or Labbé

40.14 Occipital Sinus

40.15 Transverse-Sigmoid Sinus Hypoplasia and Normal Asymmetry in Size

40.16 Falcine Plexus

40.17 Persistent Falcine Sinus

40.18 Superior Sagittal Sinus and Torcular Variants

References

Suggested Reading

41: Arachnoid Granulations Within the Dural Sinuses

References

42: Artifacts of the Craniocervical Venous System on MRI

42.1 Fast Flow or Turbulence Artifacts Within the Dural Sinuses on Postcontrast T1-Weighted Imag

42.2 Slow Flow Causing Bright Dural Sinus Signal on Noncontrast T1-Weighted Images

42.3 Artifacts on 2D Time-of-Flight MR Venography That May Simulate Thrombosis or Stenosis

References

43: Artifacts of the Craniocervical Arterial System on MRI

43.1 Flow-Related Enhancement: Bright Arteries on Spin-Echo T1-Weighted Images

43.2 2D Time-of-Flight Neck MRA Artifacts and Turbulent Flow That May Simulate Stenosis (Pseudo-st

43.3 Contrast-Enhanced Neck MRA: Simulated Arterial Stenoses (Pseudo-stenosis)

43.4 “In-Plane Saturation” on Time-of-­Flight MR Angiography Simulating Stenosis (Pseudo-sten

43.5 Susceptibility, Motion, and Pulsation Artifacts Affecting MRA

43.6 Sensitivity Encoding Parallel Imaging Unfolding Artifact on 3D TOF MRA

43.7 “T1 Shine-Through” Effect on 3D Time-of-Flight MR Angiography

References

44: Artifacts on Craniocervical CT Angiography

References

45: Dense Vessels Simulating Thrombosis on Nonenhanced CT

People also search for:

atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease

atlas of normal radiographic anatomy

normal variants radiology book

normal variation

Tags: Alexander M Mckinney, Atlas of Normal Imaging, Variations of the Brain