Chemistry 9th Edition by Steven Zumdahl, Susan Zumdahl ISBN 1285692357 9781285692357

1. Basic Measurements and Techniques:

   • Determination of Mass – An introductory experiment to practice basic lab techniques like weighing.
   • Use of Volumetric Glassware – Understanding the proper use of tools like burettes, pipettes, and volumetric flasks.
   • Density Determinations – Methods for determining the density of various substances.
   • Boiling Point and Melting Point Determination – Classical methods for measuring phase transition temperatures of substances.
   • Solubility of a Salt – Exploring solubility and factors influencing dissolution.

2. Separation and Identification Techniques:

   • Resolution of Mixtures (Filtration, Distillation, Chromatography) – Introducing methods to separate components of mixtures.
   • Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Paper Chromatography – Techniques used in organic chemistry and analytical chemistry for compound separation and identification.
   • Identification of a Substance – Using physical and chemical properties to identify an unknown substance.

3. Stoichiometry and Composition:

   • Limiting Reactant – Determining the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction.
   • Percentage Composition and Empirical Formula – Determining the empirical formula of compounds like magnesium oxide.
   • Water in Hydrates – Quantitative analysis of the water content in hydrates.
   • Iron(III)-Phenol Reaction – A stoichiometric experiment related to redox reactions.

4. Thermodynamics and Gas Laws:

   • Calorimetry – Measuring heat changes in chemical reactions.
   • Gas Laws (Charles’s Law, Graham’s Law, Molar Mass of Volatile Liquid) – Exploring properties of gases and their behavior under different conditions.

5. Spectroscopy and Molecular Properties:

   • Spectroscopy (Atomic Hydrogen and Emission Spectra) – Investigating light absorption and emission spectra.
   • Molecular Shapes and Structures – Using models or computational methods to predict molecular geometry.
   • Length of a Molecule – Using molecular properties to determine physical dimensions at the molecular level.

6. Acids, Bases, and Equilibria:

   • Titrations (Acid-Base, Commercial Antacids) – Quantitative analysis using titration techniques to determine concentrations.
   • Chemical Equilibrium – Investigating the principles of reversible reactions, including titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods for equilibrium constants.
   • Solubility Product (Ksp) of Silver Acetate – A classic experiment to determine the solubility product constant of a sparingly soluble salt.

7. Electrochemistry and Redox:

   • Chemical Cells and Electrolysis – Basic experiments in electrochemistry, including studying galvanic cells and electrolytic processes.
   • Redox Titration (Iron Determination) – Determining the concentration of iron in a sample using redox reactions.

8. Gravimetric and Analytical Methods:

   • Gravimetric Analysis (Chloride and Sulfate Ion) – Techniques where mass changes are measured to determine ion concentrations.
   • Qualitative Analysis (Cations and Anions) – Identifying unknown ions in samples using qualitative analysis techniques.

9. Organic Chemistry and Synthesis:

   • Organic Preparations (Esters, Salicylic Acid Derivatives) – Synthesis and purification of organic compounds.
   • Polymerization (Preparation of Nylon, Amorphous Sulfur) – Laboratory techniques to prepare and study synthetic polymers.

10. Advanced Applications and Real-World Chemistry:

    • Determination of Vitamin C in Fruit Juices – Practical applications of chemical analysis for determining the concentration of substances in everyday products.
    • Preparation of Coordination Complexes (Copper(II)) – Synthesis of coordination compounds and exploring their properties.

Common Sections in Each Experiment:

• Objective: Clear statement of what the experiment aims to achieve.
• Introduction: Background information, including theory and context for the experiment.
• Apparatus/Reagents Required: List of all materials, chemicals, and equipment needed.
• Procedure: Step-by-step instructions for performing the experiment.
• Pre-Laboratory Questions: Questions to help prepare and understand key concepts before starting the experiment.
• Results/Observations: Space to record data, observations, and any measurements taken during the experiment.
• Questions: Post-lab questions to assess understanding, draw conclusions, and analyze results.