Choice of Law 1st Edition Symeon 0190496746 9780190496746

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• ISBN 10: 0190496746
• ISBN 13: 9780190496746
• Author: Symeon C. Symeonides

Choice of Law provides an in-depth sophisticated coverage of the choice-of-law part Conflicts Law (or Private International Law) in torts, products liability, contracts, forum-selection and arbitration clauses, insurance, statutes of limitation, domestic relations, property, marital property, and successions. It also covers the constitutional framework and conflicts between federal law and foreign law.The book explains the doctrinal and methodological foundations of choice of law and then focuses on its actual practice, examining not only what courts say but also what they do. It identifies the emerging decisional patterns and extracts predictions about likely outcomes.

Table of contents:

1. Introduction

I. Scope and Coverage

II. Nomenclature

A. Conflict of Laws

B. Private International Law

III. Choice of Law

A. Choice of Law and Jurisdiction

B. Choosing versus Blending Laws

C. The Substantivist Method

D. Arbitration and Anational Law

IV. Categories of Conflicts

V. Federal and State Laws and Courts

VI. Plurilegalism in a Single Country

VII. Selected General Bibliography

Part One The Federal Framework

2. Federalism and Choice of Law

I. Introduction

II. The Division of Lawmaking Competence between the Federal and State Governments

III. Federal Limitations on State Choice of Law

A. The Four Principal Constitutional Clauses

B. The Full Faith and Credit Clause

1. Text and Purpose

2. Legislative History

3. Scope

4. Full Faith and Credit to Judgments

C. The Full Faith and Credit and Due Process Clauses

1. Early Jurisprudence

2. From Interventionism to Laissez-Faire

3. Constitutional Controls of Jurisdiction and Choice of Law

D. Privileges and Immunities

E. Foreign Affairs

1. Federal versus State Competence

2. Executive versus Judicial Function

IV. Law Applied in Federal Courts

A. In General

B. Law Applied in Diversity Cases

1. Substantive Law

2. Procedural Law

3. Choice of Law

Part Two History, Doctrine, and Methodology

3. Early Choice-of-Law Doctrine and the Traditional System

I. Introduction

II. Choice-of-Law Doctrine before the Twentieth Century

A. From Ancient Greece to Medieval Italy

B. Bartolus, Statutists, and Unilateralism

C. The Dutch Commentators’ and Comity

D. Wächter and Savigny: From Unilateralism to Multilateralism

E. The Dearth of English Conflicts Doctrine

F. Early American Conflicts Law: Joseph Story

III. Joseph H. Beale and the Traditional Choice-of-Law System

A. Joseph H. Beale

B. Territoriality

C. Vested Rights

IV. The First Conflicts Restatement

A. Some of the Restatement’s Flaws

B. The Restatement’s Contributions

C. Some of the Restatement’s Specific Rules

1. Torts and Contracts

2. Property, Marital Property, and Successions

D. The Restatement’s Following

4. The Structure of Choice-of-Law Rules and the Operation of the Choice-of-Law Process

I. Introduction

II. The Choice-of-Law Rule and Its Components

III. Characterization

IV. Localization

V. The Application of the Designated Law and Its Exceptions

A. Substance versus Procedure

B. Renvoi

C. The Public Policy Exception

D. The Penal-Law Exception

E. The Foreign Tax-Law Exception

VI. Domicile

VII. Judicial Notice and Proof of Foreign Law

5. The Choice-of-Law Revolution: Theoretical Groundwork

I. Introduction

II. The First Critics

A. Walter W. Cook

B. David F. Cavers

III. A Frontal Attack: Brainerd Currie

A. Anti-rulism

B. The “Domestic Method”

C. The Concept of Governmental Interests

D. Currie’s Assumptions about State Interests

E. False, True and In-Between Conflicts

F. Forum Favoritism

G. Currie’s Contribution

H. The Addendum of Comparative Impairment

IV. Result Selectivism: Robert A. Leflar and His “Better Law” Approach

V. Functional Analyses

A. Arthur T. von Mehren and Donald T. Trautman

B. Russell Weintraub’s Consequences-Based Approach

VI. Synthesis and Transition: Willis Reese and the Restatement (Second)

A. Section Six

B. The “Most Significant Relationship”

C. Rules

D. Presumptive Rules

E. Pointers

F. Ad Hoc Analysis

VII. Contemporary Conflicts Scholarship

6: The Judicial Revolution in Torts and Contracts

I. Introduction

II. The Retreat of the Lex Loci Delicti Rule

A. Babcock v. Jackson

1. Issue-by-Issue Analysis

2. Dépeçage

3. The Distinction between Loss-Distribution and Conduct-Regulation Issues

4. Policy Analysis

B. After Babcock

III. The Retreat of the Lex Loci Contractus Rule

A. Barber, Auten, and the Center of Gravity Approach

B. After Auten

IV. The Remaining Traditional States

7. The Choice-of-Law Revolution Today: Methodological Pluralism

I. Introduction

II. Methodological Pluralism

A. Methodological Camps

B. Caveats

C. The Relative Inconsequence of Methodology

III. The Restatement (Second)

IV. Significant-Contacts Approaches

V. New York

A. Tort Conflicts

1. Neumeier

2. Schultz

3. Cooney

4. Subsequent Cases

B. Contract Conflicts

VI. Currie-Based Approaches

A. Modified Interest Analysis

B. Comparative Impairment

C. The Lex Fori Variant

VII. The Better-Law Approach

A. Early Cases: The Biases

B. Recent Cases: Eclecticism and De-emphasis of the Better-Law Factor

VIII. “Combined Modern” Approaches

Part Three Choice of Law in Practice

8. Torts

I. Introduction

II. The Distinction between Conduct-Regulation and Loss-Distribution

A. The Origins and Meaning of the Distinction

1. Antecedents

2. Babcock and Schultz

3. Legislative Sanction

a. American Codifications

b. Foreign Codifications

4. Examples from Each Category

a. Conduct-Regulating Rules

b. Loss-Distributing Rules

B. The Validity of the Distinction: Separating Purpose and Effect

C. The Manageability of the Distinction: Identifying the Primary Purpose

D. The Practical Use of the Distinction

III. Loss-Distribution Tort Conflicts

A. Introduction

B. Defining the Typical Patterns

1. The Pertinent Contacts

2. The Content of the Involved Laws

3. The Typical Fact-Law Patterns in Conflicts Involving Two States

C. Common-Domicile Cases Arising from Torts in Another State

1. Pattern 1: The Babcock Pattern

2. Pattern 2: The Converse-Babcock Pattern

3. Summary

4. A Common-Domicile Rule

a. A Descriptive Rule

b. Statutory and Quasi-Statutory Rules

c. Foreign Codifications

5. Cases Analogous to Common-Domicile Cases

a. Parties Domiciled in States with Same Law

b. Parties to a Preexisting Relationship

D. Split-Domicile Cases—Intrastate Torts

1. Direct or True Conflicts

a. Pattern 3: Split-Domicile Cases in Which the Conduct, the Injury and the Tortfeasor’s Domicile Are in a State Whose Law Favors the Tortfeasor

b. Pattern 4: Split-Domicile Cases in Which the Conduct, the Injury and the Victim’s Domicile Are in a State Whose Law Favors the Victim

2. Inverse Conflicts or No-Interest Cases

a. Pattern 5: The Neumeier Pattern

b. Pattern 6: The Hurtado Pattern

c. Summary and Rule

E. Split-Domicile Cases—Cross-Border Torts

1. Pattern 7: Cases in Which the Conduct and the Tortfeasor’s Domicile Are in a State Whose Law Favors the Tortfeasor, while the Injury and the Victim’s Domicile Are in a State Whose Law Favors the Victim

2. Pattern 8: Cases in Which the Conduct and the Tortfeasor’s Domicile Are in a State Whose Law Favors the Victim, while the Injury and the Victim’s Domicile Are in a State Whose Law Favors the Tortfeasor

3. Summary and Rules

F. Split-Domicile Conflicts Involving Three States

G. Summary and Rules for Loss-Distribution Conflicts

IV. Conduct-Regulation Conflicts

A. Introduction

B. Generic Conduct-Regulation Conflicts

1. The Pertinent Contacts and Typical Patterns

2. Pattern 9: Conduct and Injury in Same State

3. Pattern 10: Conduct and Injury in Different States That Prescribe the Same Standards of Conduct

4. Pattern 11: Conduct in State with Higher Standard and Injury in State with Lower Standard of Conduct

5. Pattern 12: Conduct in State with Lower Standard and Injury in State with High Standard

6. Summary and Rule for Conduct-Regulation Conflicts

C. Punitive-Damage Conflicts

1. Introduction

2. The Pertinent Contacts and Typical Patterns

3. Pattern 13: All Three Contacts

4. Pattern 14: State(s) of Defendant’s Domicile and Conduct Impose(s) Punitive Damages

5. Pattern 15: State(s) of Conduct and Injury Impose(s) Punitive Damages

6. Pattern 16: State(s) of Injury and Defendant’s Domicile Impose(s) Punitive Damages

7. Pattern 17: Only the Defendant’s Home-State Imposes Punitive Damages

8. Pattern 18: Only the State of Conduct Imposes Punitive Damages

9. Pattern 19: Only the State of Injury Imposes Punitive Damages

10. Pattern 20: None of the Above (Victim’s Domicile or Domicile)

11. Summary and Rule

V. Conclusions

9. Products Liability

I. Introduction

A. General

B. The Pertinent Contacts

1. The List

2. Qualifications

C. The Content of the Contact-States’ Laws

D. Typical Patterns of Product Conflicts

II. Direct Conflicts: Cases in Which Each State’s Law Favors the Local Litigant

A. Cases Applying the Pro-Defendant Law of a Defendant-Affiliated State

B. Cases Applying the Pro-Plaintiff Law of a Plaintiff-Affiliated State

1. Choice Based on Three Contacts

2. Choice Based on Two Contacts

a. Plaintiff’s Domicile and Injury

b. Injury and Product Acquisition

c. Plaintiff’s Domicile and Product Acquisition

3. Choice Based on a Single Contact

a. Place of Injury

b. Product Acquisition

c. Plaintiff’s Domicile

III. Inverse Conflicts: Cases in Which Each State’s Law Favors a Litigant Affiliated with the Other State

A. Cases Applying the Pro-Plaintiff Law of a Defendant-Affiliated State

B. Cases Applying the Pro-Defendant Law of a Plaintiff-Affiliated State

1. Choice Based on Three Contacts

2. Choice Based on Two Contacts

a. Plaintiff’s Domicile and Injury

b. Plaintiff’s Domicile and Product Acquisition

c. Injury and Product Acquisition

3. Choice Based on a Single Contact

IV. Latent Injuries and the Issue of Time

V. General Observations

A. Summary

B. The Role of State Policies and Interests

C. The Significance of Contacts

D. Choice-of-Law Rules

1. Contacts-Based Rules

2. Favor Laesi Rules

10. Contracts

Introduction

Part One. Contracts without Choice-of-Law Clauses

I. The Traditional Approach

II. Statutory Rules

III. The Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C)

IV. The CISG

V. The Restatement (Second)

A. Section 188

B. Particular Contracts

C. Particular Issues

D. Application

E. Samples from the Cases

VI. Other Modern Approaches

Part Two. Contractual Choice of Law (Party Autonomy)

I. Introduction

A. The Principle, Its History and Universality

B. The Two Restatements

1. The First Restatement’s Rejection

2. The Second Restatement’s Endorsement

C. The Uniform Commercial Code

II. The General Scope of Party Autonomy: A First Look

III. Requirements and Limitations

A. The Distinction between Waivable and Non-waivable Rules

B. Basis for the Parties’ Choice: Substantial Relationship or Reasonable Basis

C. Substantive Limitations: Public Policy

1. Which State’s Public Policy? (The Lex Limitativa)

a. Lex Fori Systems

b. Lex Causae Systems

c. Hybrid Systems

2. Which Level of Public Policy?

IV. The Choice-of-Law Agreement and Its Modalities

A. Which Law Determines Existence and Validity

1. Capacity

2. Consent and Formation

3. Form

B. Timing of Choice or Change

C. Multiple or Partial Choice

D. Choice of an Invalidating Law

V. The Scope of the Choice-of-Law Clause

A. Introduction

B. Exempted Contracts or Contractual Issues

C. Noncontractual Issues: Torts

1. Introduction

2. The Case Law

3. Critique

D. Procedural Issues

E. Choice of Conflicts Law

F. Choice of Nonstate Norms

VI. Party Autonomy and Presumptively Weak Parties

A. Introduction

B. Comparative Excursus: The Civil Law Model

C. The American Model

1. Introduction

2. Employment Contracts

3. Consumer Contracts

4. Franchise or Distributorship Contracts

D. Conclusions

11. Forum Selection Clauses and Arbitration Clauses

I. Introduction

II. Forum Selection Clauses

A. Introduction

B. Which Law Governs Forum Selection Clauses?

1. Scenario 1: Actions Filed in the Chosen Court

2. Actions Filed in a Court Not Chosen (the “Seized” Forum)

a. Scenario 2: Contracts without Choice-of-Law Clauses

b. Scenario 3: Contracts with Choice-of-Law Clauses

(1) Cases Applying Forum Law

(2) Cases Applying the Chosen Law

(3) Distinguishing between Interpretation and Enforceability

3. Summary and Critique

C. Separability of Forum Selection Clause

III. Arbitration Clauses

A. Domestic Interstate Arbitration

1. Introduction

2. The Supreme Court’s Strong Pro-Arbitration Stance

3. The Lower Courts’ Efforts to Level the Playing Field

a. Employment Contracts

b. Consumer Contracts

4. Separability of Arbitration Clause

B. Foreign Arbitration

1. The Supreme Court’s Jurisprudence

2. Law Governing the Arbitration Agreement

a. Contractual Capacity

b. Other Issues of Formation of the Arbitration Agreement

c. Issues of Scope, Validity, and Enforceability (Other than Arbitrability)

d. Arbitrability

e. Public Policy

3. Law Applicable in Arbitration

12. Insurance Conflicts

I. Introduction

II. Automobile Insurance

III. Commercial Liability Insurance

A. Coverage for Environmental Pollution

1. The “Uniform Contract Interpretation” Approach

2. The “Site-Specific” Approach

B. Products Liability Insurance

C. Insurability of Punitive Damages

IV. Life Insurance

13. Statutes of Limitation

I. Introduction

II. The Traditional American System

A. The Basic Approach

B. Legislative Exceptions: Borrowing Statutes

C. Judicial Exceptions

D. Current Status

III. Modern Approaches

A. The New Uniform Act

B. New Judicial Approaches

C. The New Revision of the Restatement (Second)

1. The Text

2. Representative Cases

3. The Louisiana and Puerto Rico Codifications

IV. Summary of State Practices

V. Choice-of-Law Clauses and Statutes of Limitations

VI. Supreme Court Cases

VII. It Is Not an “Either, Or”

14. Status and Domestic Relations

I. Introduction

II. Marriage

A. Introduction: Divergence and Convergence

B. Validity

C. Incidents

III. Same-Sex Marriages

A. Introduction

B. The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) and Its Demise

1. Vertical DOMA

2. Horizontal DOMA

3. Interstate Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships

IV. Divorce

V. Child Support and Custody

A. Child Support

B. Child Custody

1. Interstate Cases

2. International Cases

VI. Legitimacy and Filiation

VII. Adoption

15. Property, Marital Property, and Successions

I. Property

A. Immovables

B. Movables

1. In General

2. Stolen Movables: Antiquities or Artwork

a. The Problem and the Challenge

b. Antiquities

c. Artistic Property

d. Multiple Situses and the Conflit Mobile

e. A Proposed Rule

f. Annotations to the Rule

(1) The Starting Point: The Lex Rei Sitae Originis

(2) A Rule for True Conflicts

(3) The State of the “Materially Closer Connection”

(4) The Good Faith Proviso

(5) The Time Element: The Discovery Rule

(6) The Discovery Rule and Even-Handedness

(7) The Discovery Rule and the Forum’s Statute of Limitation

(8) The Discovery Rule and Non-forum Substantive Law

g. Methodological Comments

(1) Bridging the Common Law and Civil Law Approaches

(2) Substantive Law Solutions to Choice-of-Law Dilemmas

II. Marital Property

A. Substantive Law

B. The Conflicts Problem

C. The Problem of Moving Spouses

1. From a Separate-Property State to a Community- Property State

a. The Traditional Approach

b. The Pure Borrowed-Law Approach

c. The Pure Quasi-community Property Approach

d. The Louisiana Approach

2. From a Community-Property State to a Separate-Property State

3. Recent Cases

a. Marital Property Agreements

b. Marital Property and Talaq

c. Marital Property and Taxes

d. Out-of-State Immovables

III. Successions

A. “Unity” or “Scission” of the Estate

B. The Two Restatements

C. Legislative Interventions

1. Testamentary Form

2. Bolder Interventions

3. Testator’s Choice

16. Conflicts between Federal Law and Foreign Law

I. Introduction

II. Congressional Power and Its Limits

A. International Law Limits

B. Constitutional Limits

III. Statutes Expressly Applicable to Foreign Events or Persons

A. Statutes Applicable to U.S. Citizens Present or Acting Abroad

B. Statutes Applicable to U.S. Citizens Injured Abroad

C. Statutes Applicable to Persons Acting under Foreign Law

D. Statutes Applicable to the High Seas

E. Statutes Applicable to Aliens while in the United States

F. Interpretation

IV. Statutes That Are Silent or Ambiguous on Their Territorial Reach

A. Introduction

B. The Territorial Presumption: The Early Version

C. Foreign Ships and Their Internal Affairs

D. Bilateralism: Lauritzen and Maritime Conflicts

E. The “Effects Doctrine”: Foreign Conduct with Domestic Effects

F. The Territorial Presumption, Again

G. The “Effects Doctrine,” Again

H. The Effects Doctrine Tempered by Internationalism

I. Domestic Conduct with Foreign Effects and The “Headquarters Doctrine”

J. The Territorial Presumption Returns in Full Force

1. The Securities Exchange Act

2. The Alien Tort Statute (ATS)

a. Sosa

b. Kiobel

c. Post-Kiobel Cases

V. A Few Remarks on Methodology

Part Four Conclusions

17. The Next Step

I. Introduction

A. Where Are We?

B. The Revolutionary Status Quo

C. The Next Step: Exit and Consolidation

D. The Medium: Option One—National Legislation

II. Option Two: State Legislation

A. The Louisiana Codification

1. Goal, Catchphrase, and General Approach

2. The Method

3. Implementation: Balancing Certainty with Flexibility

a. Alternative-Reference Rules

b. Soft Connecting Factors

c. Escape Clauses

d. Rules and “Approaches”

e. Issue-by-Issue Analysis

4. Operation

B. The Puerto Rico Draft Code

C. The Oregon Codification

1. Contracts

2. Torts

a. General Rules

b. The General and Residual Approach

c. Balancing Certainty with Flexibility

III. Option Three: A New Conflicts Restatement

A. An End and a Beginning

B. Coverage

C. Filling the Gaps and Updating the Content of the Restatement (Second)

D. Breaking the Situs Taboo

E. Finding the Golden Medium between Certainty and Flexibility

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