Contractor Health and Safety Compliance for Small to Medium Sized Construction Companies 1st Edition by Zakari Mustapha,Clinton Aigbavboa,Wellington Thwala 9781138081550 1138081558

Section I Background Information

Chapter 1 General Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Significance of the Book

1.3 Structure of the Book

1.4 Summary

References

Section II Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives of Health and Safety Research

Chapter 2 Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives of Health and Safety Research

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Accident Causation Theories

2.2.1 Who Should Be Blamed: The Worker or the System?

2.2.2 Accident Causation Models

2.2.2.1 Domino Theory

2.2.2.2 Multiple Causation Model

2.2.2.3 Human Error Theories

2.2.2.4 Accident Root Causes Tracing Model

2.2.2.5 Modified Statistical Triangle of Accident Causation

2.3 Measuring Health and Safety Compliance Improvement

2.4 Summary

References

Section III Review of the Health and Safety Compliance Literature

Chapter 3 Review of the Health and Safety Compliance Literature

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Gaps in Health and Safety Compliance Research

3.2.1 Gap 1: Government Support

3.2.1.1 Health and Safety Policy and the Organisation

3.2.1.2 Training and Information

3.2.2 Gap 2: Contractor’s Organisational Culture

3.3 Summary

References

Section IV Construction Industry: International Literature

Chapter 4 Construction IndustryInternational Literature

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Construction Industry

4.2.1 Complex Nature of the Construction Industry

4.2.2 Challenges Facing Construction Workers

4.3 Accidents in the Construction Industry

4.3.1 Fatal Injuries to Workers

4.3.2 Major Injuries

4.4 Influence Network on Health and Safety

4.5 Techniques to Improve Health and Safety Compliance

4.5.1 Health and Safety Compliance

4.5.2 Problems Raised in Health and Safety Compliance Research Study

4.5.3 Reasons for Non-Compliance in Health and Safety

4.5.4 Ineffective Government Policy Leading to Failures

4.5.5 Compliance Is Costly

4.5.6 Rewards and Incentives for High or Voluntary Compliance

4.6 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999

4.6.1 Safety Culture

4.6.2 Economics of Construction Health and Safety

4.6.3 General Duties of Employers to Their Employees with Regard to OHS Issues

4.6.4 General Duties of Employers and Self-Employed Persons to Persons Other Than Their Employees

4.6.5 General Duties of Employees at Work

4.6.6 Health and Safety Representatives

4.6.7 Functions of the Health and Safety Representatives

4.7 Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies’ Performance with Safety Regulations

4.7.1 Impact of the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise on Health and Safety

4.7.2 Factors Affecting Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ Non-Compliance and Motivation with Occupational Health and Safety Regulations

4.8 Summary

References

Section V Occupational Health and Safety Issues in Developing Countries

Chapter 5 Occupational Health and Safety Issues in the Nigerian Construction Industry

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Act in Developing Countries

5.2.1 Occupational Safety and Health Problems

5.3 Development of Human Resources for Occupational Health and Safety in Developing Countries

5.4 Benefits of Occupational Health and Safety for Developing Countries

5.5 Occupational Health and Safety in Nigeria

5.5.1 Occupational Health and Safety Development in Nigeria

5.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety in Nigeria

5.5.3 Annual Accident Statistics from the Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity Inspectorate Division

5.5.4 Measures to Ensure Occupational Health and Safety Operation in Nigeria

5.5.5 Benefits or Gains of Occupational Health and Safety to the Nigerian Construction Industry

5.6 Objectives of Health and Safety Policy in Nigeria

5.7 Basis for Health and Safety Compliance in the Nigerian Construction Industry

5.8 Summary

References

Chapter 6 Occupational Health and Safety in South Africa

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Occupational Health and Safety in South Africa

6.3 Health and Safety Policy in South Africa

6.3.1 Objectives of Health and Safety Policy in South Africa

6.3.2 Occupational Health and Safety Problems in South Africa

6.4 South African Legislation and the Construction Regulations

6.4.1 Characteristics of the Occupational Health and Safety Legislative Framework and the Construction Regulations

6.5 Regulatory Enforcement

6.5.1 Aim and Scope of the South Africa Occupational Health and Safety Act

6.5.1.1 Severity and Scope of the Hazard and Risk Concerned

6.5.1.2 Removing or Mitigating Occupational Health and Safety Hazard or risk

6.5.2 The Health and Safety Policy Statement

6.5.3 Construction Health and Safety Statistics in South Africa

6.5.4 Compliance and Non-Compliance

6.6 Lessons Learnt from the South African Occupational Health and Safety Studies

6.7 Summary

References

Chapter 7 The Construction Industry and Occupational Health and Safety in Ghana

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Ghanaian Construction Industry

7.2.1 Challenges of the Construction Industry

7.3 Institutional Environment

7.4 Economic Contribution of the Ghanaian Construction Sector

7.4.1 Construction Sector’s Share to Overall Gross Domestic Product

7.4.2 Construction Sector’s Contribution to the Overall Industrial Development

7.4.3 Aggregate Loan Portfolio to the Construction Sector

7.4.4 Construction Sector Component Output Index

7.5 Occupational Health and Safety Legislature in Ghana

7.6 Regulation Setting in Ghana

7.6.1 International Labour Organization Conventions Ratified by Ghana

7.7 Health and Safety Legislation Relevant to the Ghanaian Construction Industry

7.8 Health and Safety Policy Trends in Ghana

7.8.1 Current Trends of Occupational Health and Safety in Ghana

7.8.2 Approach to Occupational Health and Safety Management in Ghana

7.8.2.1 National Policy

7.8.2.2 Planning and Implementation

7.9 Lessons Learnt from the Ghanaian Construction Industry

7.10 Summary

References

Section VI Research Methodology

Chapter 8 Research Methodology

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Quantitative versus Qualitative Research Methodology

8.3 Philosophical Considerations in Research Methodology

8.3.1 Ontology

8.3.2 Epistemology

8.3.3 Quantitative Methodology

8.3.4 Qualitative Methodology

8.3.5 Combined Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

8.3.6 Mixed-Methods Approach

8.3.7 Justification of the Mixed-Methods Approach

8.4 Research Design

8.4.1 Methods

8.4.2 Literature Review

8.4.3 The Delphi Method

8.4.3.1 Epistemological Approach towards the Delphi Design

8.4.3.2 When to Use the Delphi Technique

8.4.3.3 Components of the Delphi Technique

8.4.3.4 Designing, Constructing and Executing the Delphi Technique Study

8.4.3.5 Specific Objectives of the Delphi Study

8.4.3.6 Computation of Data from Delphi Study

8.4.3.7 Determination of Consensus from the Delphi Process

8.4.3.8 Reliability and Validity of the Delphi Process

8.4.4 Questionnaire Survey

8.4.4.1 Questionnaire Survey Instrument

8.4.4.2 Variables

8.4.4.3 Population

8.4.4.4 Sample Frame

8.4.4.5 Sampling Method

8.4.4.6 Sample Size

8.4.4.7 Sample Selection

8.4.4.8 Fieldworkers

8.4.4.9 Data Collection

8.4.4.10 Data Analysis from the Questionnaire Survey

8.4.4.11 Data Screening and Preliminary Analysis

8.4.4.12 Data Cleaning

8.4.4.13 Missing Data

8.4.4.14 Normality

8.4.4.15 Treatment of Outliers

8.4.4.16 Criteria for Determining Reliability and Validity

8.4.4.17 Content Validity

8.4.4.18 Reliability

8.4.4.19 Convergent Validity

8.4.4.20 Discriminant Validity

8.4.5 Methods of Data Analysis of the Quantitative Survey

8.4.5.1 Exploratory Factor Analysis

8.4.5.2 Structural Equation Modelling

8.4.6 Structural Equation Modelling Analysis

8.4.6.1 Structural Equation Modelling Process

8.4.7 Ethical Considerations

8.5 Summary

References

Section VII Results from the Delphi Study: Findings Part I

Chapter 9 Results from the Delphi Study

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Background to the Delphi Survey

9.3 Findings from the Delphi study

9.3.1 To Identify the Main and Sub-Attributes That Determine Health and Safety Compliance in Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies in Ghana

9.3.2 To Determine the Factors That Enable Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies to Comply with Health and Safety

9.3.3 To Identify the Factors That Affect Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies in Not Complying with Health and Safety Regulations

9.3.4 To Identify the Effects of Health and Safety Non-Compliance on Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies

9.3.5 To Evaluate the Management Issues That Affect the Government in the Implementation of Health and Safety Policies

9.4 Discussion of the Delphi Study Results

9.5 Summary

References

Section VIII Conceptual Integrated Health and Safety Compliance Model for Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies

Chapter 10 Conceptual Integrated Health and Safety Compliance Model for Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Selection of Variables for Health and Safety Compliance

10.2.1 Safe Environment

10.2.2 Safe Act of Workers

10.2.3 Safe Working Condition

10.2.4 Reaction of Workers to Safe Condition (RWSC)

10.3 Model Specification and Justification

10.4 Structural Component of the Model

10.5 Measurement Component of the Model

10.6 Summary

References

Section IX Results from the Questionnaire Survey: Findings Part II

Chapter 11 Survey Results

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Descriptive Statistics

11.2.1 Demographic Profile of the Respondents and Firms

11.3 Inferential Statistics

11.3.1 Conceptual Health and Safety Compliance Model for Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies

11.3.2 Results of Exploratory Factor Analysis Data

11.3.2.1 Exploratory Factor Analysis: Dimensionality of Health and Safety Compliance Elements

11.3.2.2 Comparative Analysis of Frequencies for Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

11.4 Structural Equation Modelling

11.4.1 Structural Equation Modelling Analytic Strategy

11.4.2 The Measurement Model: Confirmatory Factor Analysis

11.4.2.1 Statistics on Structural Equation Modelling Assumptions: Outliers and Missing Data

11.4.2.2 Statistics on Structural Equation Modelling Assumptions: Data Distribution Characteristics

11.4.2.3 Statistics on Structural Equation Modelling Assumptions: Identifiability of the Model

11.4.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Latent Construct

11.4.3.1 Fit Statistics on Measurement Models (Confirmatory Factor Analysis)

11.4.3.2 Structural Model: Testing of the Hypothesised Structural Equation Model

11.4.3.3 Structural Model Hypothesis Testing

11.4.3.4 Summary of Structural Model

11.5 Summary

References

Section X Discussion of Findings

Chapter 12 Discussion of Results

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Questionnaire Survey Results

12.2.1 Safe Environmental Features’ Influence on Health and Safety Compliance of Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies

12.2.2 Safe Act of Workers Influence on Health and Safety Compliance of Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies

12.2.3 Safe Working Condition Features Influence on Health and Safety Compliance of Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies

12.2.4 Reaction of Workers to Safe Condition on Health and Safety Compliance

12.2.5 Contractor’s Organisational Culture on Health and Safety Compliance in Small to Medium-Sized Construction Companies

12.2.6 Government Support Influence on Health and Safety Compliance

12.3 Delphi Survey and Questionnaire Results

12.4 Summary

References

Section XI Conclusions and Recommendations

Chapter 13 Conclusions and Recommendations

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Conclusions

13.2.1 Research Objective Conclusion 1

13.2.2 Research Objective Conclusion 2

13.2.3 Research Objective Conclusion 3

13.2.4 Research Objective Conclusion 4

13.2.5 Research Objective Conclusion 5

13.3 Contribution and Value of the Book

13.3.1 Theoretical Contribution

13.3.2 Methodological Contribution

13.3.3 Practical Contribution and Value

13.3.3.1 Significance to the Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing

13.4 Recommendations

13.4.1 Methodological

13.4.2 Theoretical

13.4.3 Practical and Policy Implications

13.5 Limitations

13.6 Summary