Emergency and Trauma Care 3rd edition by Kate Curtis,Clair Ramsden,Ramon Shaban,Margaret Fry,Julie Considine 9780729542982 072954298X

Section 1 Foundations of Emergency Care

Introduction

Chapter 1 Emergency nursing in Australia and New Zealand

Emergency nursing

Emergency departments

Emergency service (re-)design of models of care

Australasian nurse competency standards

Development of emergency nursing professional bodies

Emergency nurse specialisation

Clinical roles

Leadership and management

Professional development

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 2 Paramedicine in Australia and New Zealand

Historical overview of paramedicine by jurisdiction

Evolutions in pre-hospital care

Air ambulance services

Role of volunteers in pre-hospital care

Current status of paramedicine

Regulation of paramedicine

The future of paramedicine

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 3 Clinical ethics for emergency healthcare

Ethics: an ancient and evolving field

The ethical framework of emergency healthcare: our moral commitments and obligations

Ethical decision-making

Sequelae—Another key value: taking care of yourself

Summary

References

Chapter 4 Emergency care and the law

What is the law?

Different types of laws

Professional competency and patient safety

The Coroner’s Court

Investigations and court

Child Protection Act and mandatory reporting

Documentation

Confidentiality

Privacy

Assault and consent

Who may give consent when the patient can not

Advance care directive

Palliative care

Medicines

Mental health and involuntary detention

Restraint

Negligence

Nurse practitioner responsibilities

Summary

References

Chapter 5 Cultural considerations in emergency care

Culture and what it means for healthcare workers

What does the word ‘culture’ describe?

Understanding the health–illness experience from the patient’s perspective

Matters specific to Australia

Matters specific to New Zealand–Aotearoa

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 6 Patient safety and quality in emergency care

Safety and quality frameworks

Outcomes

Structure of the ED

Emergency care processes

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 7 Research for emergency care

Evidence-based practice

Research and the process

Method

Data analysis

Ethical considerations in research

Results, conclusions and recommendations

Dissemination and translation of research findings

Research priorities for emergency care

Summary

References

Chapter 8 Patient and carer engagement and communication

Health literacy

Effective patient communication

Targeting patient education about medication adherence

Health promotion activities and disease prevention strategies

Verbal patient education and communication

Written patient information

Developing written patient information

Summary

Useful websites

References

Section 2 Clinical Concepts and Systems

Introduction

Chapter 9 Scene assessment, management and rescue

Safety first—keeping you and the patient safe

Scene management priorities—why an organised scene is priceless

Scene assessment

Scene access

Patient extrication

Scene egress

Management of specific hazards

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 10 Physiology and pathophysiology for emergency care

Homeostasis

Oxygen transport

Carbon dioxide transport

Oxygen therapy

Homeostatic temperature control

Fluid and electrolyte balance in homeostasis

Nervous system functions—Fright, fight and flight, or Rest and digest

Capillaries and nutritive blood flow

Cellular metabolism

Cell protection: the blood–brain barrier

Shock

Unique population groups

Summary

References

Chapter 11 Clinical reasoning, problem-solving and triage

Clinical reasoning for quality emergency care

Theoretical considerations

Triage

Triage decision-making tools

Triage nurse decision-making

Triage nurse education

Triage documentation and legal aspects

Paramedic applications: patterns and protocols and triage for problem-solving

Special conditions

Communicating for patient safety

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 12 Major incident preparedness and management

What is a mass-casualty incident?

Government planning for mass-casualty incidents

The challenge for paramedics and other healthcare providers

Risk analysis in planning by hospitals

The pre-hospital phase

Hospital phase

Debriefing

Chemical–biological–radiological MCIs

Likelihood of a CBR attack

CBR agents and their effects

Pre-hospital management of a CBR MCI

Personal protective equipment

Bioethical implications in triage

Awareness training and education

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 13 Patient assessment and essentials of care

The assessment process

The primary survey

Assessment (clinical examination)

Head-to-toe assessment

Special considerations

Communication

Essentials of care

Caring

Personal hygiene and preventing complications

Prevention of deconditioning

Nutrition

Elimination

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 14 Resuscitation

Identification of and response to the deteriorating patient

Basic life support

Advanced life support

Care of families and family presence during resuscitation

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 15 Stabilisation and transfer

Intra- and inter-facility patient transport

Types of transport

Clinical coordination and communication

Team preparation

Principles of transport

Monitoring and equipment

Stressors of transport

Debrief and post-mission review

Psychological considerations

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 16 Clinical skills

Airway management

Capnography/end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring

Cervical spine immobilisation

Suctioning techniques

Arterial blood gases

Blood glucose level sampling

Underwater-seal drains

Respiratory function testing

Cardiac monitoring

Temporary cardiac pacing

Vascular access

Haemodynamic monitoring

Central venous catheters

Soft tissue injuries

Casts

Splinting

Crutches and walking sticks

Regional anaesthesia and nerve blocks

Removal of objects

Wound closure

Eye emergencies

Summary

Acknowledgement

Useful websites

References

Chapter 17 Minor injury and management

Pre-hospital care

Initial assessment

Practical care

Hospital/health facility care

A systematic approach to injury assessment

Injuries around the shoulder

Injuries to the elbow, forearm and wrist

Injuries of the hand and digits

Injuries around the knee

The lower leg, ankle and foot

Injuries of the skin: wounds

Summary

References

Chapter 18 Pain management

Definition of pain

Anatomy and physiology of pain

Pathophysiology

Patient assessment

Management

Anaesthesia

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 19 Organ and tissue donation

Donation and transplantation in Australia and New Zealand

Pathways of donation

The procurement process

Donor family care

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 20 End of life

Cultural considerations

Palliative care

Advance care planning

Sudden and unexpected death

Sudden death of a child

Family presence during resuscitation

Care of a deceased patient

Post-mortem examination

Mass casualty incidents

Staff support

Summary

Useful websites

References

Section 3 Emergencies

Introduction

Chapter 21 Respiratory emergencies

Respiratory failure

Respiratory assessment

Emergency care considerations for respiratory issues

Support of respiratory function

Non-invasive ventilation

Invasive mechanical ventilation

Acute pulmonary oedema

Asthma

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Pneumonia

Pulmonary emboli

Respiratory outpatient care programs

Inhalation injuries

Summary

Acknowledgement

Useful websites

References

Chapter 22 Cardiovascular emergencies

Anatomy and physiology

Electrocardiogram interpretation

Cardiac assessment

Acute chest pain

Acute coronary syndromes

Cardiogenic shock

Percutaneous coronary intervention

Pharmacological management

Cardiac dysrhythmias

Cardiac pacing

Chronic heart failure

Acute pericarditis

Aortic aneurysm

Aortic dissection

Hypertensive emergencies

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 23 Neurological emergencies

Anatomy and physiology of the nervous system

Divisions of the nervous system

Assessment of the patient with altered consciousness

Investigations

Delirium

Transient ischaemic attacks

Vertebrobasilar attacks

Stroke

Seizures

Headache

Inflammatory brain conditions

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 24 Gastrointestinal emergencies

Anatomy and physiology

General assessment

Upper gastrointestinal emergencies

Lower gastrointestinal emergencies

Summary

Websites

References

Chapter 25 Renal and genitourinary emergencies

Anatomy and physiology

Patient assessment

Physical assessment

Specific conditions

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 26 Endocrine emergencies

Anatomy and physiology

Diabetes

Hyperglycaemic, hyperosmolar syndrome

Adrenal insufficiency

Acute pituitary apoplexy

Thyroid storm

Myxoedema coma

Cushing’s syndrome

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 27 Healthcare-associated infections and infectious diseases

Healthcare-associated infection and infectious disease in emergency care

Overview of infection and infectious disease

Breaking the chain—preventing infection

Specific challenges for infection prevention in emergency care

Summary

References

Chapter 28 Environmental emergencies

Temperature-related emergencies

Heat-related emergencies

Cold-related emergencies

Drowning

Atmospheric-pressure-related emergencies

Diving emergencies

Envenomations

Antivenom

Snakebite

Snakes

Spiders

Other terrestrial envenomations

Marine envenomations

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 29 Oncological and haematological emergencies

Cancer incidence in Australia and New Zealand

Cancer pathophysiology

Cancer and the immune system

Cancer diagnosis and treatment

Oncological emergencies

Haematological emergencies

Thrombocytopenia emergencies

The patient who is bleeding

Metabolic emergencies

Non-metabolic oncological emergencies

Venous access

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 30 Toxicological emergencies

Demographics and common presentations

Resuscitation

Risk assessment

Supportive care

Investigations

Gastrointestinal decontamination

Enhanced elimination

Antidotes

Disposition

Commonly ingested agents

Summary

References

Chapter 31 Dental, ear, nose and throat emergencies

Anatomy and physiology

Patient assessment

Dental emergencies

Ear emergencies

Nasal emergencies

Throat emergencies

Facial emergencies

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 32 Ocular emergencies and trauma

Anatomy and physiology

Patient assessment

Ophthalmic examination

Eye emergencies

Trauma

Chemical burns

Glaucoma

Central retinal artery occlusion

Central (branch) retinal vein occlusion

Ocular pharmacology

Summary

References

Chapter 33 Gynaecological emergencies

Anatomy and physiology

Patient assessment

Clinical presentations

Ovarian emergencies

Infections

Sexually transmitted infections

Common types of genital tumour

Endometriosis

Emergency contraception

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 34 Obstetric emergencies

Obstetric emergencies

Anatomy and physiology

Recognition of the sick woman

Maternal collapse

Clinical presentations

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 35 Paediatric emergencies

Approach to paediatrics

Assessment

Triage

Respiratory emergencies

Cardiovascular emergencies

Neurological emergencies

Abdominal emergencies

Rashes and soft-tissue infections

Neonatal presentations

Fever

Trauma

Pain management and procedural sedation

Health promotion

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 36 Mental health emergencies

Background

Prevalence of mental health admissions in EDs

Supporting individuals in the out-of-hospital environment

Pathways to the ED

Out-of-hospital assessment and management

ED triage assessment

After triage

Mental health conditions

Substance misuse and dual diagnosis

Suicide and self-harm

Other considerations when providing emergency mental health care

Early intervention in aggression and mitigation strategies to prevent unnecessary use of restraint and/or restrictive practices

Cultural considerations when providing an emergency mental health response

Collaboration and teamwork between mental health professionals

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 37 People with disabilities

Historical context

Nature of problem in emergency care

National Disability Insurance Scheme and New Zealand Disability Strategy

Broader implications

Aetiology and epidemiology of intellectual disability

Intellectual disability morbidity

Diagnostic overshadowing

Major emergency care issues for people with an ID

Assessment of the person with an ID

Particular clinical presentations

Communication with the person with an ID

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 38 The older person

Assessment of normal ageing

Conditions often seen in older people

Tips and tools: the geriatric assessment in the emergency health setting

Discharge risk assessment

Futility criteria

Geriatric emergencies

The dying patient

Conclusion

Useful websites

References

Chapter 39 Violence, abuse and assault

The child at risk

Intimate partner violence

Sexual assault

Elder abuse and neglect

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 40 Alcohol, tobacco and other drug use

Overview and background

Understanding ATOD problems

ATOD emergency assessment and screening

Engaging with the patient with an ATOD dependence

Major ATOD groups

Cannabis

Psychostimulants

Common psychostimulants

Some other drugs

Summary

Useful websites

References

Section 4 Major Trauma

Introduction

Chapter 41 Epidemiology of injury

The burden of injury

History

Epidemiology of trauma in Australia and New Zealand

Trauma morbidity

Trauma determinants

Mechanisms of injury

Effects of injury on society

Injury prevention

Tracking injury in Australia and New Zealand

Standardised clinical trauma management

Trauma specialist roles

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 42 Major trauma initial assessment and management

Preparation

The trauma team

Initial resuscitation

Primary survey

Secondary survey

Tertiary survey

Ongoing nursing care in the ED

Criteria for early transfer

Family presence

Post-traumatic stress

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 43 Traumatic brain injury

Epidemiology

Injury mechanism

Anatomy

Physiology

TBI classifications

Patient assessment and management

Mild traumatic brain injury

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 44 Maxillofacial trauma

Anatomy and physiology

Injury mechanism

Patient assessment

Specific fracture management

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 45 Thoracic and neck trauma

Anatomy and physiology

Patient assessment

Clinical interventions

Radiology

Fractures of the bony thorax

Pneumothoraces

Other thoracic injuries

Neck injuries

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 46 Abdominal and genitourinary trauma

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Mechanism of injury

Initial assessment and management

Investigations

Ongoing management

Management techniques

Specific organ injury

Genitourinary trauma

Genital injuries

Postoperative management

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 47 Spinal trauma

Epidemiology

Anatomy and physiology

Mechanisms and associated injuries

Pre-hospital assessment and initial management

Spinal stabilisation

Ongoing patient assessment

Pharmacological management

Definitive care

Primary and secondary damage

Classification of spinal cord injuries

Autonomic dysreflexia/hyperreflexia

The future

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 48 Major orthopaedic and neurovascular trauma

Anatomy and physiology

Patient assessment

Clinical interventions

Radiology

Pain management

Dislocations and subluxations

Traumatic amputations

Fractures

Mangled limbs

Pelvic fractures

Proximal femur and femoral neck fractures

Crush injury

Compartment syndrome

Fat embolism syndrome

Delayed complications

Infection prevention

Traction

Splints

Psychosocial aspects

Summary

Useful websites

References

Chapter 49 Burns trauma

Epidemiology and aetiology of burns

Pathophysiology

Paramedic emergency and first aid treatment

Burns shock and fluid resuscitation

Inhalational injury

Burn wound assessment and management

Specific burn management

Burns in children