Epistemic situationism 1st Edition by Abrol Fairweather, Mark Alfano ISBN 0199688230 978-0199688234

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ISBN 10: 0199688230
ISBN 13: 978-0199688234
Author: Abrol Fairweather, Mark Alfano

This volume is the first sustained examination of epistemic situationism: the clash between virtue epistemology and the situationist hypothesis inspired by research in empirical psychology. Situationism began as a challenge to the psychology of character traits, targeting ethical theories that presuppose a trait psychology. Psychological research suggests that (often trivial) environmental variables have greater explanatory power than character traits. Epistemology pursues questions about the nature of knowledge. While there are internal differences within virtue epistemology between responsibilists and reliabilists, they all analyze knowledge in terms of epistemic virtues and vices. However, despite promising normative results, virtue epistemology appears to assume the same character-based psychology as virtue ethics does.

Until recently, virtue epistemology and situationism were separate literatures, but philosophers have begun to examine the apparent incompatibility between situationist psychology and virtue epistemology. Much of the psychological research that raises questions about the empirical adequacy of the moral psychology of virtue ethics also appears to raise doubts about the empirical adequacy of the epistemic psychology assumed by virtue epistemology. Responsibilist virtue epistemology appears particularly vulnerable because epistemic virtues like open mindedness, conscientiousness and intellectual courage are traits of intellectual character, but reliabilist virtue epistemology appeals to the psychology of cognitive skills, abilities, and competences that may be similarly vulnerable. The essays in this volume take up this new problem of epistemic situationism from multiple points of view – some sceptical or revisionary, others conservative.

Epistemic situationism 1st Table of contents:

0.1 The Situationist Challenge to Virtue Ethics

0.2 The Rise of Virtue Epistemology

0.3 The Convergence of the Twain

0.4 Summary of Chapters

1. Is Every Epistemology a Virtue Epistemology?

1.1 Introduction: From Epistemology to Virtue Epistemology—and Back

1.2 The Situationist Challenge to Virtue Epistemology

1.3 Basic Beliefs

1.4 Coherence

1.5 Conclusions

2. Epistemic Situationism: An Extended Prolepsis

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Objection One: Virtue is Not Required for Knowledge

2.3 Objection Two: The “Big Five” to the Rescue

2.4 Objection Three: C.A.P.S. to the Rescue

2.5 Objection Four: Abilism and Epistemic Dependence

2.6 Conclusions

3. Virtue Epistemology in the Zombie Apocalypse: Hungry Judges, Heavy Clipboards, and Group Polarization

3.1 The Problem of External Devices

3.2 Extended Knowledge to the Rescue?

3.3 Situational Influences on Our Beliefs and Memories

3.4 Situational Influences on Group Knowledge

3.5 A Situationist-Friendly Virtue Epistemology

3.6 Conclusions

4. Situationism and Responsibilist Virtue Epistemology

4.1 Virtue Epistemology and Situationism

4.2 Two Examples of Virtue Responsibilism

4.3 Situationism vs Responsibilism_ Alfano

4.4 “Eccentric Genius” (The First Reply)

4.5 The Responsibilist Virtues as “A Priori” (The Second Reply)

4.6 Why and How the Responsibilist Virtues Need to be Situational (The Third Reply)

4.7 Conclusions

5. Virtue Theory Against Situationism

5.1 The Situationist Critique of Virtue Ethics

5.2 Defense of Virtue Ethics

5.3 The Virtue/Situation Clash: Genuine or Illusory?

5.4 The Virtue/Situation Clash in Epistemology

5.5 Competence: A Special Case of Disposition to Succeed

5.6 Competences, Epistemic and Otherwise

5.7 More on the Nature and Epistemology of Competences

5.8 Competence, Safety, and Reliability

5.9 Conclusions

6. Intellectual Virtue Now and Again

6.1 A Specter is Haunting Epistemology—The Specter of Situationism

6.2 Rationality Bounding to the Rescue

6.3 Deliberation Theology

6.4 Admirability and Local Traits

6.5 The Importance of Being Robust

6.6 Relative Virtue

6.7 Virtue Attributions Without Global Virtues

6.8 And Now for Something Completely Different

6.9 Prolegomena to any Future Situationist Objections

7. Responsibilism out of Character

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Situating a New Responsibilism in Logical Space

7.3 Virtue Properties, Acts, and Persons

7.4 Responsibilism out of Character

7.5 Choices and Payoffs

7.6 Challenges Answered, Situationist and Otherwise

7.7 Conclusions

8. Epistemic Situationism and Cognitive Ability

8.1 Situationism and Ethics

8.2 Situationism and Epistemology

8.3 Abilism

9. Epistemic Situationism, Epistemic Dependence, and the Epistemology of Education

9.1 Epistemic Situationism

9.2 Strong and Weak Epistemic Situationism, Robust and Modest Virtue Epistemology

9.3 Epistemic Dependence

9.4 Reframing the Epistemic Situationist Challenge

9.5 A Case Study: The Epistemic Goals of Education

9.6 Conclusions

10. The Situationist Challenge to Educating for Intellectual Virtues

10.1 The Situationist Research

10.2 Levels of Intellectual Virtue

10.3 The Situationist Argument

10.4 Is the Situationist Argument Valid?

10.5 The Remaining Relevance of Situationist Research

11. Feminist Responsibilism, Situationism, and the Complexities of the Virtue of Trustworthiness

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Understanding the Projects of Feminist Epistemology

11.3 The Situationists, their Critique, and Feminist Responsibilism

11.4 The Virtue of Trustworthiness on a Situated Account

11.5 Conclusions

12. Moods and their Unexpected Virtues

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Identifying the Intellectual Virtues

12.3 The Intellectual Virtues of the Affective System

12.4 Revisiting the Situationist Challenge to Mixed Virtue Epistemology

12.5 Conclusions

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