Floral mimicry 1st Edition by Steven D Johnson, Florian P Schiestl ISBN 0191047244 9780191047244

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ISBN 10: 0191047244 
ISBN 13: 9780191047244
Author: Steven D Johnson, Florian P Schiestl

Mimicry is a classic example of adaptation through natural selection. The traditional focus of mimicry research has been on defence in animals, but there is now also a highly-developed and rapidly-growing body of research on floral mimicry in plants. This has coincided with a revolution in genomic tools, making it possible to explore which genetic and developmental processes underlie the sometimes astonishing changes that give rise to floral mimicry. Being literally rooted to one spot, plants have to cajole animals into acting as couriers for their pollen. Floral mimicry encompasses a set of evolutionary strategies whereby plants imitate the food sources, oviposition sites, or mating partners of animals in order to exploit them as pollinators. This first definitive book on floral mimicry discusses the functions of visual, olfactory, and tactile signals, integrating them into a broader theory of organismal mimicry that will help guide future research in the field. It addresses the fundamental question of whether the evolutionary and ecological principles that were developed for protective mimicry in animals can also be applied to floral mimicry in plants. The book also deals with the functions of floral rewardlessness, a condition which often serves as a precursor to the evolution of mimicry in plant lineages. The authors pay particular attention to the increasing body of research on chemical cues: their molecular basis, their role in cognitive misclassification of flowers by pollinators, and their implications for plant speciation. Comprehensive in scope and conceptual in focus, Floral Mimicry is primarily aimed at senior undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in plant science and evolutionary biology.

Floral mimicry 1st Table of contents:

1. Introduction

What is mimicry?

The scope of floral mimicry

The discovery of floral mimicry

Key concepts

Adaptive resemblance

Cognitive misclassification

Advergent evolution

Honest signals and reliable cues

Imperfect mimicry

Accurate mimicry

Frequency dependence

Predictions for mimicry systems

The semantics of floral mimicry

Exploitation of receiver bias

Mimicry versus deception

Modalities of signaling

Niches and ecological specialization

The structure of this book

2. The evolution and maintenance of floral rewardlessness

Introduction

Darwin’s “gigantic imposture”

The prevalence of rewardlessness among plants

Phylogenetic evidence for transitions between reward and deception

The evolution of empty flowers: cost-based models

The costs of nectar

Can pollinators remotely detect empty flowers in a rewarding species?

Nectar-deployment models based on mating patterns

Supplementation of nectar in rewarding flowers

What can we learn from studies of nectar robbing?

The puzzle of floral deception in orchids

The pollen transport efficiency hypothesis

The cross-pollination hypothesis

The genetic load paradox

Deception and diversification

Overview and perspectives

3. Generalized food deception

Introduction

Generalized food deception and floral mimicry

The role of learning

Innate preferences

Avoidance learning

Deception of nectar- versus pollen-seeking animals

Selection for showy floral displays

Flower polymorphism and negative frequency-dependent selection

The early flowering hypothesis

Effects of population size and plant density

Remote habitats versus the magnet species effect

Pollination system generalization and hybridization

Overview and perspectives

4. Batesian food-source mimicry

Introduction

Theoretical criteria and predictions

Phenology and pollinator sharing

Advergence and function of floral signals

Flower color

Complex color patterns

Flower shape and inflorescence architecture

Floral scent

Pollinator discrimination between mimics and models

Evidence that mimics benefit from the presence of models

Frequency dependence

The geography of Batesian food-source mimicry

Nested distributions

Trait tracking

Geographic polymorphism

Taxonomic bias in the pollinators of food-source mimics

Guild mimicry

Overview and perspectives

5. Sexual mimicry

Introduction

Phylogenetic distribution of sexual mimics and their pollinators

Signal evolution

The importance of olfactory signals

Visual signals

Tactile stimuli

Receiver bias

Pollinator shifts and speciation in sexual mimics

The species problem

Why are species of sexual mimics so similar genetically?

Speciation

Which traits mediate floral isolation?

The possibility of speciation with gene flow

The evolution of sexual mimicry

Future directions

6. Oviposition-site mimicry

Introduction

Key features of oviposition-site mimicry

Geoflory

Traps and chambers

Thermogenesis

Floral gigantism

Carrion mimicry

The importance of oligosulfides

Visual and tactile imitation of carrion

Are there specialized niches for carrion mimicry?

Fecal mimicry

Fermenting fruit mimicry

Mushroom mimicry

Aphid mimicry

Oviposition-site mimicry in fungi and mosses

Oviposition-site mimicry and diversification of plant lineages

Overview and perspectives

7. Special cases

Introduction

Intersexual resemblance

Resemblance among rewarding flowers

Fungal pseudoflowers

Endophytic fungi, floral signals, and insects

Are pseudoflowers Müllerian mimics of real flowers?

Adaptive value of similarity

Fungal pollen mimicry

Mimicry of insect brood provisions

Male-biased pollinator assemblages

Overview and perspectives

8. Future directions in floral mimicry research

Introduction

Mimicry and speciation

Mimicry and phenotypic divergence

Improving our understanding of floral signals

Genetic bases of traits important for mimicry

Molecular genetics of floral mimicry

Genome sequencing

Special tools for functional molecular investigations

Mechanisms of evolution in mimicry

The genetic architecture of mimicry

What are the origins and evolutionary patterns of mimicry genes?

Convergent evolution at the molecular level

Developmental biology in floral mimicry

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