High voltage direct current transmission converters systems and DC grids 2nd Edition by Dragan Jovcic ISBN 1119566614 9781119566618

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ISBN 10:      1119566614
ISBN 13: 978-1119566618
Author:      Dragan Jovcic

High voltage direct current transmission : converters, systems and DC grids 2nd Table of contents:

Part I: HVDC with Current Source Converters

1. Introduction to Line Commutated HVDC

   • 1.1 HVDC Applications
   • 1.2 Line Commutated HVDC Components
   • 1.3 DC Cables and Overhead Lines
   • 1.4 LCC HVDC Topologies
   • 1.5 Losses in LCC HVDC Systems
   • 1.6 Conversion of AC Lines to DC
   • 1.7 Ultra High Voltage HVDC

2. Thyristors

   • 2.1 Operating Characteristics
   • 2.2 Switching Characteristics
   • 2.3 Losses in HVDC Thyristors
   • 2.4 Valve Structure and Thyristor Snubbers
   • 2.5 Thyristor Rating Selection and Overload Capability

3. Six-pulse Diode and Thyristor Converter

   • 3.1 Three-phase Uncontrolled Bridge
   • 3.2 Three-phase Thyristor Rectifier
   • 3.3 Analysis of Commutation Overlap in a Thyristor Converter
   • 3.4 Active and Reactive Power in a Three-phase Thyristor Converter
   • 3.5 Inverter Operation

4. HVDC Rectifier Station Modelling, Control and Synchronisation with AC System

   • 4.1 HVDC Rectifier Controller
   • 4.2 Phase-locked Loop
   • 4.3 Master-level HVDC Control

5. HVDC Inverter Station Modelling and Control

   • 5.1 Inverter Controller
   • 5.2 Commutation Failure

6. HVDC System V–I Diagrams and Operating Modes

   • 6.1 HVDC Equivalent Circuit
   • 6.2 HVDC V–I Operating Diagram
   • 6.3 HVDC Power Reversal

7. HVDC Analytical Modelling and Stability

   • 7.1 Introduction to Converter and HVDC Modelling
   • 7.2 HVDC Analytical Model
   • 7.3 CIGRE HVDC Benchmark Model
   • 7.4 Converter Modelling, Linearisation, and Gain Scheduling
   • 7.5 AC System Modelling for HVDC Stability Studies
   • 7.6 LCC Converter Transformer Model
   • 7.7 DC System Including DC Cable
   • 7.8 Accurate DC Cable Modelling
   • 7.9 HVDC–HVAC System Model
   • 7.10 Analytical Dynamic Model Verification
   • 7.11 Basic HVDC Dynamic Analysis
   • 7.12 HVDC Second Harmonic Instability
   • 7.13 100 Hz Oscillations on the DC Side

8. HVDC Phasor Modelling and Interactions with AC System

   • 8.1 Converter and DC System Phasor Model
   • 8.2 Phasor AC System Model and Interaction with DC System
   • 8.3 Inverter AC Voltage and Power Profile as DC Current is Increasing
   • 8.4 Influence of Converter Extinction Angle
   • 8.5 Influence of Shunt Reactive Power Compensation
   • 8.6 Influence of Load at the Converter Terminals
   • 8.7 Influence of Operating Mode (DC Voltage Control Mode)
   • 8.8 Rectifier Operating Mode

9. HVDC Operation with Weak AC Systems

   • 9.1 Introduction
   • 9.2 Short Circuit Ratio and Equivalent Short Circuit Ratio
   • 9.3 Background on Power Transfer Between Two AC Systems
   • 9.4 Phasor Study of Converter Interactions with Weak AC Systems
   • 9.5 System Dynamics (Small Signal Stability) with Low SCR
   • 9.6 Control and Main Circuit Solutions for Weak AC Grids
   • 9.7 LCC HVDC with SVC
   • 9.8 Capacitor Commutated Converters for HVDC
   • 9.9 AC System with Low Inertia

10. Fault Management and HVDC System Protection

• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 DC Line Faults
• 10.3 AC System Faults
• 10.4 Internal Faults
• 10.5 System Reconfiguration for Permanent Faults
• 10.6 Overvoltage Protection

11. LCC HVDC System Harmonics

• 11.1 Harmonic Performance Criteria
• 11.2 Harmonic Limits
• 11.3 Thyristor Converter Harmonics
• 11.4 Harmonic Filters
• 11.5 Non-characteristic Harmonic Reduction Using HVDC Controls

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Part II: HVDC with Voltage Source Converters

12. VSC HVDC Applications and Topologies, Performance and Cost Comparison with LCC HVDC

• 12.1 Application of Voltage Source Converters in HVDC
• 12.2 Comparison with LCC HVDC
• 12.3 HVDC Technology Landscape
• 12.4 Overhead and Subsea/Underground VSC HVDC Transmission
• 12.5 DC Cable Types with VSC HVDC
• 12.6 Monopolar and Bipolar VSC HVDC Systems
• 12.7 VSC HVDC Converter Topologies
• 12.8 VSC HVDC Station Components
• 12.9 AC Inductors
• 12.10 DC Inductors

13. IGBT Switches and VSC Converter Losses

• 13.1 Introduction to IGBT and IGCT
• 13.2 General VSC Converter Switch Requirements
• 13.3 IGBT Technology
• 13.4 High Power IGBT Devices
• 13.5 IEGT Technology
• 13.6 Losses Calculation
• 13.7 Balancing Challenges in Two-level IGBT Valves
• 13.8 Snubber Circuits

14. Single-phase and Three-phase Two-level VSC Converters

• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Single-phase VSC
• 14.3 Three-phase VSC
• 14.4 Square-wave, Six-pulse Operation

15. Two-level PWM VSC Converters

• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 PWM Modulation
• 15.3 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
• 15.4 Third Harmonic Injection
• 15.5 Selective Harmonic Elimination Modulation
• 15.6 Converter Losses for Two-level SPWM VSC
• 15.7 Harmonics with PWM
• 15.8 Comparison of PWM Modulation Techniques

16. Multilevel VSC Converters in HVDC Applications

• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Modulation Techniques for Multilevel Converters
• 16.3 Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Converter
• 16.4 Half Bridge MMC
• 16.5 Full Bridge MMC
• 16.6 Comparison of Multilevel Topologies

17. Two-level VSC HVDC Modelling, Control, and Dynamics

• 17.1 PWM Two-level Converter Average Model
• 17.2 Two-level PWM Converter Model in DQ Frame
• 17.3 VSC Converter Transformer Model
• 17.4 Two-level VSC Converter and AC Grid Model in the ABC Frame
• 17.5 Two-level VSC Converter and AC Grid Model in a DQ Rotating Coordinate Frame
• 17.6 VSC Converter Control Principles
• 17.7 The Inner Current Controller Design
• 17.8 Outer Controller Design
• 17.9 Complete Two-level VSC Converter Controller
• 17.10 Small Signal Linearised VSC HVDC Model
• 17.11 Small Signal Dynamic Studies

18. Two-level VSC HVDC Phasor-domain Interaction with AC Systems and PQ Operating Diagrams

• 18.1 Power Exchange Between Two AC Voltage Sources
• 18.2 Converter Phasor Model and Power Exchange with an AC System
• 18.3 Phasor Study of VSC Converter Interaction with AC System
• 18.4 Operating Limits
• 18.5 Design Point Selection
• 18.6 Influence of AC System Strength
• 18.7 Influence of AC System Impedance Angle (Xs/Rs)
• 18.8 Influence of Transformer Reactance
• 18.9 Influence of Converter Control Modes
• 18.10 Operation with Very Weak AC Systems

19. Half Bridge MMC: Dimensioning, Modelling, Control, and Interaction with AC System

• 19.1 Basic Equations and Steady-state Control
• 19.2 Steady-state Dimensioning
• 19.3 Half Bridge MMC Non-linear Average Dynamic Model
• 19.4 Non-linear Average Value Model Including Blocked State
• 19.5 HB MMC HVDC Start-up and Charging MMC Cells
• 19.6 HB MMC Dynamic DQ Frame Model and Phasor Model
• 19.7 Second Harmonic of Differential Current
• 19.8 Complete MMC Converter DQ Model in Matrix Form
• 19.9 Second-harmonic Circulating Current Suppression Controller
• 19.10 Simplified DQ Frame Model with Circulating Current Controller
• 19.11 Phasor Model of MMC with Circulating Current Suppression Controller
• 19.12 Simplified Dynamic MMC Model Using Equivalent Series Capacitor CM MC
• 19.13 Full Dynamic Analytical HB MMC Model
• 19.14 HB MMC Controller and Arm Voltage Control
• 19.15 MMC Total Series Reactance and Comparison with Two-level VSC
• 19.16 MMC Interaction with AC System and PQ Operating Diagrams

20. Full Bridge MMC Converter: Dimensioning, Modelling, and Control

• 20.1 FB MMC Arm Voltage Range
• 20.2 Full Bridge MMC Converter Non-linear Average Model
• 20.3 FB MMC Non-linear Average Model Including Blocked State
• 20.4 Full Bridge MMC Cell Charging
• 20.5 Hybrid MMC Design
• 20.6 Full Bridge MMC DC Voltage Variation Using a Detailed Model
• 20.7 FB MMC Analytical Dynamic DQ Model
• 20.8 Simplified FB MMC Model
• 20.9 FB MMC Converter Controller

21. MMC Converter Under Unbalanced Conditions

• 21.1 Introduction
• 21.2 MMC Balancing Controller Structure
• 21.3 Balancing Between Phases (Horizontal Balancing)
• 21.4 Balancing Between Arms (Vertical Balancing)
• 21.5 Simulation of Balancing Controls
• 21.6 Operation with Unbalanced AC Grid

22. VSC HVDC Under AC and DC Fault Conditions

• 22.1 Introduction
• 22.2 Faults on the AC System
• 22.3 DC Faults with Two-level VSC
• 22.4 Influence of DC Capacitors
• 22.5 VSC Converter Modelling Under DC Faults and VSC Diode Bridge
• 22.6 VSC Converter Mode Transitions as DC Voltage Reduces
• 22.7 DC Faults with Half Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter
• 22.8 Full Bridge MMC Under DC Faults

23. VSC HVDC Application For AC Grid Support and Operation with Passive AC Systems

• 23.1 VSC HVDC High Level Controls and AC Grid Support
• 23.2 HVDC Embedded Inside an AC Grid
• 23.3 HVDC Connecting Two Separate AC Grids
• 23.4 HVDC in Parallel with AC
• 23.5 Operation with a Passive AC System and Black Start Capability
• 23.6 VSC HVDC Operation with Offshore Wind Farms
• 23.7 VSC HVDC Supplying Power Offshore and Driving a MW-Size Variable Speed Motor

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Part III: DC Transmission Grids

24. Introduction to DC Grids

• 24.1 DC versus AC Transmission
• 24.2 Terminology
• 24.3 DC Grid Planning, Topology, and Power Transfer Security
• 24.4 Technical Challenges
• 24.5 DC Grid Building by Multiple Manufacturers – Interoperability
• 24.6 Economic Aspects

25. DC Grids With Line Commutated Converters

• 25.1 Multiterminal LCC HVDC
• 25.2 Italy–Corsica–Sardinia Multiterminal HVDC Link
• 25.3 Connecting the LCC Converter to a DC Grid
• 25.4 Control of LCC Converters in DC Grids
• 25.5 Control of LCC DC Grids Through DC Voltage Droop Feedback
• 25.6 Managing LCC DC Grid Faults
• 25.7 Reactive Power Issues
• 25.8 Employing LCC Converter Stations in Established DC Grids

26. DC Grids with Voltage Source Converters and Power Flow Model

• 26.1 Connecting a VSC Converter to a DC Grid
• 26.2 Multiterminal VSC HVDC Operating in China
• 26.3 DC Grid Power Flow Model
• 26.4 DC Grid Power Flow Under DC Faults

27. DC Grid Control

• 27.1 Introduction
• 27.2 Fast Local VSC Converter Control in DC Grids
• 27.3 DC Grid Dispatcher with Remote Communication
• 27.4 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary DC Grid Control
• 27.5 DC Voltage Droop Control for VSC Converters in DC Grids
• 27.6 Three-level Control for VSC Converters with Dispatcher Droop
• 27.7 Power Flow Algorithm When DC Powers are Regulated
• 27.8 Power Flow and Control Study of CIGRE DC Grid Test System

28. DC Circuit Breakers

• 28.1 Introduction
• 28.2 Challenges with DC Circuit Opening
• 28.3 DC CB Operating Principles and a Simple Model
• 28.4 DC CB Performance Requirements
• 28.5 Practical HV DC CBs
• 28.6 Mechanical DC CB
• 28.7 Semiconductor-based DC CB
• 28.8 Hybrid DC CB

29. DC Grid Fault Management and Protection System

• 29.1 Introduction
• 29.2 Fault Current Components in DC Grids
• 29.3 DC System Protection Coordination with AC System Protection
• 29.4 DC Grid Protection System Development
• 29.5 DC Grid Protection System Based on Local Measurements
• 29.6 Blocking MMC Converters Under DC Faults
• 29.7 Differential DC Grid Protection Strategy
• 29.8 Selective Protection for Star-topology DC Grids
• 29.9 DC Grids with DC Fault-tolerant VSC Converters
• 29.10 DC Grids with Full Bridge MMC Converters

30. High Power DC/DC Converters and DC Power Flow Controlling Devices

• 30.1 Introduction
• 30.2 Power Flow Control Using Series Resistors
• 30.3 Low-stepping-ratio DC/DC Converters (DC Choppers)
• 30.4 Non-isolated MMC-based DC/DC Converter (M2DC)
• 30.5 DC/DC Converters with DC Polarity Reversal
• 30.6 High-stepping-ratio Isolated DC/DC Converter (Dual Active Bridge DC/DC)
• 30.7 High-stepping-ratio LCL DC/DC Converter
• 30.8 Building DC Grids with DC/DC Converters
• 30.9 DC Hubs
• 30.10 Developing DC Grids Using DC Hubs
• 30.11 North Sea DC Grid Topologies

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