Human Papillomavirus Proving and Using a Viral Cause for Cancer 1st Edition by David Jenkins,Xavier Bosch 9780128144572 0128144572

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ISBN 10:0128144572
ISBN 13:9780128144572
Author:David Jenkins,Xavier Bosch

Human Papillomavirus: Proving and Using a Viral Cause for Cancer presents a steady and massive accumulation of evidence about the role of HPV and prevention of HPV-induced cancer, along with the role and personal commitment of many scientists of different backgrounds in establishing global relevance. This exercise involved years of personal commitment to proving or disproving an idea that aroused initial skepticism, and that still has difficult implications for some. It remains one of the big successes of medicine that exploited both established medical science dating back to the nineteenth century and new molecular genetic science during a time of transition in medicine.

Presents a comprehensive, up-to-date review of the role of HPV in cancer from those involved in its study

Includes the way evidence on the role and utility of HPV based prevention has been accumulated over almost 40 years

Gives a series of vignettes of individual scientists involved in the development of the science of HPV and cancer at different stages and their experiences and reasons for involvement

 

Human Papillomavirus Proving and Using a Viral Cause for Cancer 1st Table of contents:

General Introduction—The Background to Human Papillomavirus and Cancer Research

Why Worry About Human Papillomavirus?

The Book

First Class Medical Science Is Not the Only Issue

Cervical Cancer Was the Driver of Human Papillomavirus Research

Finding the Role of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer

Proving the Causal Role of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer

The Importance of Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing for Clinical Research Into Human Papillomavirus and Cancer and Its Prevention

The Complex Interactions of Academic Science, Clinical Medicine, and the Corporate World

Human Papillomavirus Beyond Cervical Cancer

The Key Role of Human Papillomavirus in Preventing Cervical Cancer

Cervical Screening Before Human Papillomavirus

Redefining the Pathology of Precancer in the Light of Human Papillomavirus—The Bethesda System and Its Successors

The Move to Change Cervical Screening Based on Human Papillomavirus Science

Applying Human Papillomavirus Screening Globally

Development of Biomarkers

Natural and Artificial Immune Responses to Human Papillomavirus and Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

Developing Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

The Impact of Corporate Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Trials and Marketing

Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Practice

Human Papillomavirus and Modern Medical Science

The Future

Further Reading

Chapter 1. A Brief History of Cervical Cancer

Abstract

Understanding Cervical Cancer—From Paleopathology to the 19th Century

Transforming Western Medicine and the Rise of Medical Science

The Idea of Prevention ()

Cervical Cancer Prevention by Cervical Cytology Screening

Encouraging Participation in Cervical Cancer Screening

Evolution of Ideas on the Causes of Cervical Cancer, Male Role, and Transmission of a Causative Agent

Further Reading

Section 1: Proving the Role of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer: Studies in the Laboratory, Clinic, and Community

Section 1. Proving the Role of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer: Studies in the Laboratory, Clinic, and Community

Introduction

Chapter 2. Linking Human Papillomavirus to Human Cancer and Understanding Its Carcinogenic Mechanisms

Abstract

Animal Papillomaviruses: From Papillomas to Cancers

The Search for Infectious Agents Associated With Cervical Cancer

The Failure of the Herpes Hypothesis

Molecular Tools

The Human Papillomavirus Hypothesis

Southern Blotting

Cloning Human Papillomavirus DNAs

Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis

Identifying HPV 11, HPV 16, and HPV 18

Extending the Range of HPV Types

The Advent of PCR

Studying HPV Gene Expression in Lesions

HPV 16 and 18 in Neoplastic Transformation: E6 and E7 Genes

Additional Pioneering Studies of Immortalization and Transformation

Recapitulation of Three-Dimensional Epithelial Tissues in Raft Cultures as an Experimental Model for Investigations of HPV-Host Tissue Interactions and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis

Conclusion

A Vignette: Early Clinical Experience With Human Papillomavirus

References

Chapter 3. Demonstrating the Importance of Different HPVs in Cervical Cancer and Other HPV-Related Cancers

Abstract

Introduction

Human Papillomavirus as Etiological Agent of Cervical Cancer

Human Papillomavirus Association With Cervical Cancer: Case-Control Studies

Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Distribution in Cervical Cancer and Other Human Papillomavirus-Associated Carcinomas

Human Papillomavirus-Type Distribution of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Types Across the Full Spectrum of Cervical Disease

Human Papillomavirus Classification and Its Association With Carcinogenicity

Implications

References

Chapter 4. Finding How Human Papillomaviruses Alter the Biochemistry and Identity of Infected Epithelial Cells

Abstract

Parasitic Lifestyles

The Enigmatic, Illogical Life Cycle of High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses

Inhibition of Innate Immune Signaling

Mechanisms That Minimize Human Papillomavirus Genome Loss During Cell Division

High-Risk HPV E6 and E7 Trigger and Subvert Cell-Intrinsic Defense Mechanisms

Human Papillomavirus Infections Render Host Cells Genomically Unstable

Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 5. Biology of the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle: The Basis for Understanding the Pathology of PreCancer and Cancer

Abstract

Productive Infection Facilitates the Assembly and Release of Virus Particles

Nonproductive Infection Leads to the Development of Neoplasia

The Role of HPV Gene Products in the Progression From Neoplasia to Cancer

Understanding the Cervix and Other Vulnerable Epithelial Site in the Development of Cancer

Understanding HPV Biology in Relation to the Pathological Classification of HPV-Associated Cancers and Precancer, and the Selection of Treatment Regimes

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 6. The Pathology of Cervical Precancer and Cancer and its importance in clinical practice

Abstract

Introduction: Framing the Problem

Terminology: Historical Perspective

Diagnostic Process and Specimen Types

Gross Morphology–Colposcopic Features

Morphology (Histology and Cytology)

Glandular Neoplasia

Using Our Molecular Understanding of Disease Progression to Improve Diagnosis: Detection of HPV DNA and Biomarkers of Infection

Biomarkers on Cytology Samples

Clinical Course and Management of Cervical Neoplasia

Further Reading

Chapter 7. Developing and Standardizing Human Papillomavirus Tests

Abstract

Historical Development

Design and Performance Assessment of Human Papillomavirus Tests

Performance Assessment of HPV Tests and Requirements for Ongoing Quality Assurance

Brief Summary of Selected Commercial Human Papillomavirus Tests

Future Perspectives

Overview and Summary

References

Chapter 8. Proving the Causal Role of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer: A Tale of Multidisciplinary Science

Abstract

Avoiding a Clash Between Different Lines of Scientific Evidence

Learning From Errors

A New Beginning for Molecular Epidemiology

The Birth of a New Paradigm in Cancer Prevention

Moving From Understanding Etiology to Improving Cervical Cancer Screening

The Opportunity to Prevent Cervical Cancer With a Vaccine

From Discovery to a Nobel Prize

References

Chapter 9. The Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Relation to Cervical Cancer

Abstract

Key Bullet Points

Transmission of Human Papillomavirus

Lack of Strong Epidemiologic Indicators for Human Papillomavirus Persistence (or Clearance)

Roles of Parity, Female Hormones and Tobacco

References

Section 2: Human Papillomavirus Beyond Cervical Cancer

Section 2. Human Papillomavirus Beyond Cervical Cancer

Introduction

Chapter 10. Low-risk Human Papillomavirus: Genital Warts, Cancer and Respiratory Papillomatosis

Abstract

The Problem: Genital Warts and Laryngeal Papillomatosis

Historical Aspects of Genital Warts and Laryngeal Papillomatosis

Risk Factors, Natural History, and Treatment of Genital Warts and Laryngeal Papillomatosis

Pathology of Genital Warts and Laryngeal Papillomatosis

Human Papillomavirus in Genital Warts and Laryngeal Papillomatosis

Low-Risk Human Papillomavirus Types and Cancer

Therapeutic and Prophylactic Vaccines Against Genital Warts and Laryngeal Papillomatosis

Past, Present, and Future Epidemiology of Genital Warts and Laryngeal Papillomatosis

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 11. Human Papillomavirus Infection and Related Diseases Among Men

Abstract

Where the Story of Male Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Heterosexual Men Began: The Male Factor in Cervical Carcinogenesis

Human Papillomavirus Natural History in Heterosexual Men—Past and Current Understanding

The HIM Study: Population and Procedures

Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection

Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection

Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection

Human Papillomavirus Serology

Heterosexual Human Papillomavirus Transmission

References

Chapter 12. Anal HPV Infection and HPV-Associated Disease

Abstract

Studies of Anal HPV Infection: Their Origins and Inspirations

Development of Tools to Study Anal HPV Infection and HPV-associated Diseases

Anal Cancer and Immune Suppression

Anal Cancer in HIV-infected Men and Women in the era of Antiretroviral Therapy

The Future: An Emerging Field, and Potential for Contributions to Understanding the Overall Biology of HPV Infection

Summary

References

Chapter 13. Oropharyngeal Human Papillomavirus and Head and Neck Cancer

Abstract

Introduction

Epidemiology

Molecular Pathophysiology of Human Papillomavirus Carcinogenesis

Prognosis of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Trends in Human Papillomavirus Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Staging

Prevention

Conclusion

Financial Disclosures

Conflicts of Interest

References

Chapter 14. Vulvar, Penile, and Scrotal Human Papillomavirus and Non–Human Papillomavirus Cancer Pathways

Abstract

History of Vulvar, Penile, and Scrotal Cancer Reflects Both Human Papillomavirus–related and Non–Human Papillomavirus–related Etiology

Burden of Vulvar, Penile, and Scrotal Cancer

Pathology of Vulvar, Penile, and Scrotal Neoplasia

Cancer Pathways of Vulvar, Penile, and Scrotal Cancer: Human Papillomavirus and Non–Human Papillomavirus Related

Common Characteristics Between Vulva, Penile, and Scrotal Carcinoma

Clinical Management of Vulvar, Penile, and Scrotal Neoplasia

Conclusion

References

Section 3: Using Human Papillomavirus Knowledge to Prevent Cervical and Other Cancers

Section 3. Using Human Papillomavirus Knowledge to Prevent Cervical and Other Cancers

Introduction

Chapter 15. Triage of Women With ASCUS and LSIL Abnormal Cytology: The ALTS Experience and Beyond

Abstract

Evidence That Human Papillomavirus Testing May Be Useful for Triage of Some Abnormal Cytology

Origin and Development of the ALTS Study

Main Results of the ALTS Study

Impact of the ALTS Study in Changing Medical Practice in the United States and Worldwide

Metaanalyses on the Clinical Accuracy of Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing to Triage Women With ASCUS

References

Further Reading

Chapter 16. Primary Screening by Human Papillomavirus Testing: Development, Implementation, and Perspectives

Abstract

Development of HPV-Based Screening

HPV Testing Versus Cytology

Sole HPV Testing or HPV Testing Combined With Cytology?

Screening Intervals, Follow-up of HPV Positive Women, and Age to Start Screening

Triage of HPV Positive Women

Validation of HPV Tests for Cervical Screening

Self-Sampling

The New HPV Based Program in the Netherlands

HPV Negative and Low-Risk HPV Positive CIN3 and Carcinomas

Future Perspectives for Cervical Screening

Conflicts of Interest

Disclaimer

References

Chapter 17. Infection to Cancer—Finding Useful Biomarkers for Predicting Risk of Progression to Cancer

Abstract

Introduction

Biomarkers for Transforming Human Papillomavirus -Infections: p16INK4a and Ki-67

Biomarkers for productive human papillomavirus -infections: HPV E4, L1

Biomarkers for Transforming Human Papillomavirus -Infections: Methylation of Cellular Genes

Biomarkers for Transforming HPV-Infections: Methylation of Viral Genes

References

Chapter 18. Immune Responses to Human Papillomavirus and the Development of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

Abstract

Introduction

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immunity to Human Papillomavirus: A Successful Infectious Agent

HRHPVs Downregulate Interferon Responses

Human Papillomavirus Interactions With Dendritic Cells Professional Antigen Presenting Cells

The Immune Response to Human Papillomavirus in Natural Infections

Immune Responses Are Deregulated During Human Papillomavirus-Associated Neoplastic Progression

The Mucosal Environment

Humoral Immunity to Human Papillomavirus and the Development of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

What Animal Papillomavirus Infections Told Us

Generation of Virus-Like Particles

Did the Antibodies Generated by L1 Virus-Like Particles Protect—Preclinical Animal Studies

Human Papillomavirus Virus-Like Particle Vaccines

A Vignette: The Story of jian zhou

References

Chapter 19. Clinical Trials of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

Abstract

Introduction

Limitations of Secondary Prevention

Primary Prevention

Timeline of HPV Vaccine Success Story

Designing Clinical Trials of Preventive HPV Vaccines

Clinical Trial Endpoints

HPV Vaccination Phase II/III Clinical Efficacy Trials in Women With Active Follow-Up

Phase 3 Efficacy Trials

Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine Phase 3 Trial (FUTURE* I/II)

Phase 3 Studies of the Bivalent HPV16/18 Vaccine

Comparison of Quadrivalent and Bivalent Vaccine Efficacy Against Cervical HSIL Based on Clinical Trials

The Overall Implementation of HPV Vaccination

Subsequent Additional Phase 3 Trials

Broad Spectrum Nonavalent HPV Vaccine Trial

HPV Vaccine Trials in Women Older Than 25 years

Phase 4 Trials to Evaluate Vaccine Performance in Populations

HPV Vaccine Efficacy Against External Genital Lesions

High Grade Vulvar and Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN2-3, VaIN2-3)

Cross-Protective Efficacy Against Nonvaccine High Risk HPV Types

HPV Vaccination Phase III Clinical Efficacy Trials in Men With Active Follow-Up

Prior HPV Vaccination Prevents Recurrent HPV Related High Grade Disease

HPV Vaccination After Treatment for CIN Prevents Recurrent HPV Related High Grade Disease

HPV Vaccine Safety

Conclusion

A vignette: joining the dark side: a pathology academic joins a vaccine manufacturer

References

Further Reading

Section 4: Accumulating Long-Term Evidence for Global Control and Elimination of Human Papillomavirus Induced Cancers

Section 4. Accumulating Long-Term Evidence for Global Control and Elimination of Human Papillomavirus Induced Cancers

Introduction

Chapter 20. The Key Role of Mathematical Modeling and Health Economics in the Public Health Transitions in Cervical Cancer Prevention

Abstract

Introduction

General Background to Mathematical Models in Population Health

History of the Early Development of Cervical Cancer Models: The 1980s and 1990s

The 2000s: A New Field Emerges

Recent Developments in Cervical Cancer Modeling: 2010–2019

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Conflict of Interest

List of Abbreviations

A Vignette: The Story Behind the First Cost-Effectiveness Evaluations of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination (Told by Shalini Kulasingam)

References

Chapter 21. Twelve Years of Vaccine Registration and the Consequences

Abstract

HPV Vaccines and Their Introduction

Conclusion

References

Chapter 22. Political and Public Responses to Human Papillomavirus Vaccination

Abstract

Introduction

Case Studies

Discussion

References

Chapter 23. Expanding Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Abstract

Case Study

Perspective From Asia

Global Perspective

References

Further Reading

Epilogue: Looking forward to cervical cancer elimination

Integrating Cervical Cancer Prevention in the Frame of Other National Health Priorities

Natural History and Spectrum of Disease Related to Human Papillomavirus

Research Areas in the Screening and Treatment Fields

Research in the Vaccination Field

Comprehensive Research on Combinations of Human Papillomavirus Screening and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination

Antivaccines and Antivaccination Campaigns

Compliance Regulations and Public and Private Partnerships

Acknowledgements

Competing Interests

 

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David Jenkins,Xavier Bosch,Papillomavirus,Cancer,Viral