Indian Ocean Resources and Technology 1st Edition by Ganpat Singh Roonwal 1351601917 9781351601917

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ISBN-10 :   1351601917 

ISBN-13 :  9781351601917

Author:  Ganpat Singh Roonwal 

The current scenario provides an ideal opportunity to confer higher priority to the marine resources of the Indian Ocean, particularly in terms of integrated management of the deep sea, shallow sea and coastal resources. This will maximize their potential in the sustainable development goal (SDG) pattern, leading to an appropriate environmental management. Therefore, this book aims to provide an overview of the area and to highlight the potential market opportunities represented by this vast and rapidly developing nation. In doing so the following aspects have been covered: Exclusive title focussing on mineral resources of Indian ocean. Discusses living, nonliving, ocean waves and tidal energy, ocean environment and protection aspects. Includes information on key themes, details of organizations associated with the Indian Ocean. Illustrates deep sea mining technology and environmental perspectives. Covers hydrocarbons-sub sea oil and gas, minerals from placer deposits to deep sea nodules, sea floor massive sulphides and cobalt rich encrustations.

Indian Ocean Resources and Technology 1st Table of contents:

1. The Indian Ocean and Its Associates
1.1 Uniqueness of Indian Ocean
1.2 The Indian Ocean and Subseas
1.3 Offshore Bed Rock Mineral Deposits
1.3.1 Geological Regime and Structure and Relief of the Indian Ocean
1.4 Sediment Pattern
1.5 Exclusive Economic Zone
1.6 Shallow Oceanic Mineral Deposits
1.7 Deep Oceanic Mineral Deposits
References
2. Ores in the Deep Sea: Manganese Nodules
2.1 General
2.2 What are Mn-Nodules?
2.3 Distribution of Manganese Nodules
2.4 Deep-Sea Mineral Resources
2.5 Growth Pattern, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry
2.6 Genesis of Manganese Nodules and Manganese Crusts
2.7 Mining Claims and Exploration
2.8 Indian Ocean Nodules
References
3. Ores in the Deep Sea: Cobalt- and Platinum-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts
3.1 The Cobalt-Rich Crusts
3.2 Mineralogy and Geochemistry
3.3 Processes of Accretion and Formation
3.4 Crust Texture: Thickness, Rates of Growth, and Substrate Characteristics
3.5 Indian Ocean Occurrences
References
4. Ores in the Deep Sea: Seafloor Massive Sulfides and Metalliferous Mud
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nature, Distribution, and Origin of SMS Deposits and Metalliferous Mud
4.2.1 The Red Sea
4.3 Seafloor Sulfides in the Indian Ocean
4.4 Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides (SMS)/SMS Deposits on the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge
4.4.1 SMS Deposits on the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge
4.5 Hydrothermal Mineralization in the Andaman Sea
4.5.1 The Geology and Tectonics of the Andaman Sea
4.5.2 The Nature of the Sediments
4.5.3 Seafloor Spreading and Implication for Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides (SMS)
4.6 Industrial Interest in SMS
4.7 The Scientific Significance of SMS Research
4.8 Future Trend
References
5. Shallow Oceanic and Coastal Mineral Deposits
5.1 General
5.2 Phosphorite
5.3 Construction Material
5.4 Heavy Mineral Placers
5.4.1 Distribution of Heavy Mineral Sand along the Indian Coast
5.4.1.1 West Coast of India
5.4.1.2 East Coast of India
5.5 Economic Consideration and Application of Rare Earths in High Technology
5.6 Factors Controlling Formation of Beach Placers
5.7 Exploration and Evaluation of Heavy Mineral Placer Deposits
5.7.1 Reconnaissance Survey
5.7.2 Scout Drilling
5.7.3 Close-space Drilling: Detailed Investigations
5.7.4 Computation of Mineral Reserves
5.7.5 Sampling and Drilling Equipments
5.8 Important Coastal Placer Deposits of India
5.8.1 Ratnagiri Deposits, Maharashtra
5.8.2 Neendakara–Kayamkulam Deposit, Kerala
5.8.3 Manavalakurichi Deposit, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
5.8.4 Bhimunipatnam Deposit, Vishakapatnam and Vizianagaram District, Andhra Pradesh
5.8.5 Chhatrapur Deposit, Ganjam District, Odisha
5.9 Heavy Mineral Placer of the East African Coast
5.10 Tin Placers of Southeast Asia
5.11 Resource Position
References
6. Shallow Oceanic Nonliving Resource: Petroleum and Hydrocarbon
6.1 General
6.2 Potential Hydrocarbon Basins in the West Coast of India: Arabian Sea
6.3 Hydrocarbon Potential along the Eastern Offshore in the Bay of Bengal
6.4 Hydrocarbon Potential in the Andaman Sea
6.5 Gas Hydrates Resources in the Bay of Bengal
6.6 Significance of the Andaman Sea
6.7 Hydrocarbon Potential in the East African Coast
6.7.1 Sedimentary Basins in Somalia and their Hydrocarbon Resource Potential
6.7.2 Hydrocarbon Potential in Western Indian Ocean
6.7.2.1 Mozambique
6.7.2.2 Tanzania/Kenya
6.7.2.3 Persian Gulf
References
7. Living Resources: Fish and Fishery
7.1 Biomass for Fishery
7.2 Tuna Fishing in the Indian Ocean
7.3 Fish Catch Status
7.3.1 Tuna Production and Fishery Type
7.3.2 Purse-seine Fishery
7.3.3 Longline Fishery
7.3.4 Pole and Line Fishery
7.3.5 Gillnet Fishery
7.3.6 Troll Line and Handline Fisheries
7.4 Tuna Fish in the Indian Ocean
7.5 Some Challenges of Fishing in the Indian Ocean
7.6 Fishing in the Southern Indian Ocean
7.7 Fishery in the Mangroves of Indian Ocean
7.8 Fishing in the Indian EEZ
7.9 Fisheries Management and Best Practices in the Indian Ocean
References
8. Energy and Fresh Water from the Ocean
8.1 Ocean Energy and Types
8.2 The Monsoon Pattern and Thermal Structure
8.3 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
8.4 Ocean Wave Energy
8.5 Tidal Energy
8.5.1 Tidal Energy Site Selection and Fabrication of Plant
8.6 Sweet Water from the Sea: Low-Temperature Thermal Desalination Applications for Drinking Water
8.6.1 Water Requirement of Coastal Power Plant
8.6.2 Self-Powered Desalination Plant at Islands
8.6.3 Benefit to the People of Lakshadweep
References
9. Remotely Operated Vehicle and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
9.1 General
9.2 Development Perspective
9.3 Tasks and Applications
9.4 Developmental Trends in ROV and AUV Technology
9.4.1 Trends in ROV and AUV Systems
9.4.2 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
9.4.3 Support Vessels
9.4.4 Launching Gear
9.5 Nonhydrocarbon-related ROV and AUV: Uses and Technology Transfer
9.5.1 Mine Countermeasures
9.6 Future Trends
9.6.1 Cable Laying
9.6.2 Deep-Sea Mining Operations
9.6.3 Fisheries
9.6.4 Environmental Monitoring
9.6.5 Other Uses of ROVs and AUVs
References
10. Seabed Mineral Exploration and Deep-Sea Mining Technology
10.1 General
10.2 Exploration Methods for Manganese Nodules
10.3 Exploration for Massive Sulfides on the Midoceanic Ridges
10.3.1 The East Pacific Rise and Other Promising Areas
10.4 Extent and Grade of SMS Deposits
10.5 Technology Needs for Exploration and Mining
10.5.1 Continuous Line Bucket
10.5.2 Hydraulic/Airlift Methods
10.5.3 Chantier Sous-Marin (CSM)
10.5.4 Other Options
10.6 Mineral Processing and Refining
10.7 Other Factors
10.7.1 Mining within National Jurisdiction
10.7.2 Mining in International Waters
References
Useful Websites
11. Ocean Environment and Pollution
11.1 Environmental Issues
11.2 Environment and Tectonics and Eustatic Sea-Level Changes
11.3 Environmental Effects Due to Mining
11.3.1 Potential Effect of Nodule Mining
11.3.2 Potential Effects of Cobalt-Rich Crust Mining
11.3.3 Potential Environmental Effect of Metalliferous Muds of Sediments: A Case Study of Red Sea
11.3.4 Potential Environment Impact Related to Seafloor Massive Sulfide Mining
11.4 Potential Environment Impact Related to Phosphorite Mining
11.5 Wastes in the Deep Sea
11.6 Indian Ocean and Climate Change
References
12. The Future Options: The Growing Ocean Economy
12.1 General
12.2 Exclusive Economic Zone in the Indian Ocean
12.3 Implications of EEZ in the Indian Ocean
12.4 Economics of Deep Sea Mining
12.5 Estimates of Demand
12.5.1 Zinc
12.5.2 Copper
12.5.3 Silver
12.5.4 Cobalt
12.5.5 Nickel
12.5.6 Manganese
12.6 Future Demand and Ocean Economy of Deep-Sea Mining
12.6.1 Economic Impact of Deep-Sea Mining
12.6.2 Possible Mining Technology
12.6.3 Factors Influencing Mining
12.6.3.1 Mining within National Jurisdiction
12.6.3.2 Mining in International Waters
12.7 Research Ships and Ship Building in India
12.8 Techno-Business Opportunity in the Indian Ocean
12.8.1 Short-Term Opportunity
12.8.2 Long-Term Opportunity

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