Marine Fog Challenges and Advancements in Observations Modeling and Forecasting 1st Edition by Darko Koračin, Clive Dorman ISBN 9783319452296 3319452290

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ISBN 10: 3319452290
ISBN 13: 9783319452296
Author: Darko Koračin, Clive Dorman

Marine Fog Challenges and Advancements in Observations Modeling and Forecasting 1st Edition Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Worldwide Marine Fog Occurrence and Climatology

1 Introduction

2 Present Weather Observations Over the Sea

2.1 Data Source

2.2 Methodology for the Fog Event Data Base

2.3 Percent of Occurrence and Adjustment

2.4 Data Base Specifics: Reporting Codes

2.5 Frequency Distribution of the Weather Codes in the Data Base

2.6 Zonal and Seasonal Distributions of Present Weather Code Observations

2.7 Fog Occurrence Uncertainty

3 Worldwide Marine Fog Occurrence

3.1 Mean Quarterly World Ocean Analyses: Number of Observations

3.2 Mean Quarterly World Ocean Analyses: Fog, Code 40s

3.3 Mean Quarterly World Ocean Analyses, Shallow Fog: Codes 11 and 12

3.4 Mean Quarterly World Ocean Analyses, Mist: Code 10

3.5 Summer Polar Region Fog Analyses

4 Open Ocean Areas with Maximum Occurrence of Fog

4.1 NW Pacific

4.2 NW Atlantic

4.3 Southern Ocean

5 Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling Zones

5.1 Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling

5.2 California-Oregon

5.2.1 ICOADS Observations

5.2.2 ICOADS Observations Compared to Another Study and Coastal Stations

5.2.3 Fog Relationships and Causes

5.3 NW Africa

5.3.1 ICOADS Observations

5.3.2 ICOADS Compared to Other Studies and Coastal Stations

5.3.3 Fog Relationships and Causes

5.4 SW Africa

5.4.1 ICOADS Observations

5.4.2 ICOADS Observations Compared With Coastal Stations

5.4.3 Fog Relationships and Causes

5.5 Peru and Chile

5.5.1 ICOADS Observations

5.5.2 ICOADS Observations Compared With Coastal Stations

5.5.3 Fog Relationships and Stratus Clouds

5.6 NW Indian Ocean (Arabian Peninsula)

5.6.1 ICOADS Observations

5.6.2 ICOADS Observations Compared to a Coastal Station

5.6.3 Fog Relationships and Causes

5.7 Fog Occurrence and SST in the Wind Driven Coastal Upwelling Areas

6 Marginal Seas and Coasts

6.1 Yellow Sea, China Coast and South China Sea

6.1.1 ICOADS Observations

6.1.2 ICOADS Observations Compared to Coastal Stations and Other Studies

6.1.3 Fog Relationships and Causes

6.2 Japan Sea

6.2.1 ICOADS Observations

6.2.2 ICOADS Observations Compared to Coastal Stations and Other Studies

6.2.3 Fog Relationships and Causes

6.3 Sea of Okhotsk, Kuril Islands, Japan

6.3.1 ICOADS Observations

6.3.2 ICOADS Observations Compared to Other Studies, Fog Relationships and Causes

6.4 NE United States: Canada

6.4.1 ICOADS Observations

6.4.2 ICOADS Fog Maximum Along SW Nova Scotia and Coastal Upwelling

6.4.3 ICOADS Observations Compared to Coastal Stations and Other Studies

6.4.4 Fog Relationships and Other Causes

6.5 Labrador Sea and Grand Banks

6.5.1 ICOADS Observations

6.6 Europe

6.6.1 ICOADS Observations

6.6.2 ICOADS Observations Compared to Coastal Stations and Other Studies

6.6.3 Fog Relationships and Causes

6.7 Other Areas

7 Fog Climatology: Long-Term Trend

7.1 NW Pacific

7.2 NW Atlantic

7.3 California-Oregon

7.4 Summary of Fog and SST Trends for 1950-2007

8 Discussion/Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Early and Recent Observational Techniques for Fog

1 Purpose of This Chapter

2 Fog Definition

3 Basic Principles Behind Visibility: The Critical Variable

4 Weather Codes and International Organization

5 Temperatures and Humidity

5.1 General Introduction

5.2 Air Temperature and Humidity Probes: Slow Response

5.3 Air Temperature and Humidity Probes: Fast Response

5.4 Sea Surface Temperature

6 Surface Winds

6.1 General Introduction

6.2 Mechanical Wind Sensors: Separate Cup and Vane Components

6.3 Mechanical Wind Sensors: Combined Speed and Direction

6.4 Ultrasonic Wind Sensors

6.5 Ultrasonic Wind Sensors: Very Fast Response

6.6 Ultrasonic Wind Sensor and Gas Analyzer: Very Fast Response Systems

7 Precipitation

7.1 Precipitation Over Land

7.2 Precipitation Over Sea

7.3 Precipitation From Remote or Indirect Measurements

8 Visibility Observations Estimated by Eye

9 Instruments for Visibility Measurements

10 Downward Radiation

11 Present Weather Detection Systems

12 Atmospheric Particle Measurement

12.1 Overview

12.2 Representative Particle Measurement Systems

12.3 Liquid Water Content

12.4 Data Example

13 The Video Camera

14 Surface Automated Meteorological Station

15 Ceilometer

16 Radiosonde

17 Acoustical Wind Profiler

18 Radar

18.1 Vertical Profile Soundings: Microwave Radar

18.2 Vertical Profile Soundings: Radar Wind Profiler With RASS

18.3 Scanning Radar

19 LIDAR

20 Summary

Appendix 1: List of Selected Manufacturers and Vendors

References

Chapter 4: Turbulence in Marine Fog

1 Introduction

2 Determination of Turbulent Fluxes

2.1 Parameterized Turbulent Flux

2.2 Empirically Derived Turbulent Flux

3 Role of Turbulence in Advection Fogs

3.1 Understanding Fog Formation Mechanisms Using Parameterized Turbulent Flux

3.2 Understanding Fog Formation Mechanisms Using Empirically Derived Turbulent Flux

3.3 Thermal Internal Boundary Layer

4 Role of Turbulence in Steam Fogs

4.1 Necessary Conditions for the Onset of Steam Fog

4.2 Understanding Fog Formation Mechanisms Using Empirically Derived Turbulent Flux

5 Marine Fog Formation by Stratus Lowering

6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 5: Radiation in Marine Fog

1 Introduction

2 Longwave Radiative Heating Rate

3 Role of Radiation on the Formation of Marine Fog

4 Role of Radiation on the Evolution of Marine Fog

5 Role of Radiation on the Dissipation of Marine Fog

6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 6: Synoptic Processes

1 Introduction

2 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Marine Fog Frequency

2.1 Northwestern Pacific

2.2 Chinese and Korean Adjacent Seas

3 Climatological Conditions for Marine Fog

3.1 Fog in the Northwestern Pacific

3.1.1 Meteorological Conditions

3.1.2 Influences of the Northwestern Pacific High and the Kuroshio Extension

3.1.3 The Impact of SST on Marine Fog

3.2 Fog in the Chinese Korean Adjacent Seas

3.2.1 The Conditions of Air-Sea Interface

3.2.2 The Stability in the MABL

3.2.3 Warm Sea Fog

4 Synoptic Processes in Fog Formation, Maintenance and Dissipation

4.1 Yellow Sea Fog in Springtime

4.1.1 Observations

4.1.2 Synoptic Conditions for the Fog Formation and Development

4.1.3 Fog Dissipation

4.2 Yellow Sea Fog in Summer

4.2.1 Observations

4.2.2 Synoptic Conditions for Fog Formation and Development

4.2.3 The dissipation of fog

4.3 Comparison of Radiative Cooling Effect Between Fogs in Spring and Summer

4.4 Yellow SEA FOG in Winter

4.5 South China Sea Fogs

4.5.1 Synoptic Pressure Patterns

4.6 Marine Fog Associated with the Mei-Yu Front in the Northwest Pacific

5 Summary

References

Chapter 7: Marine Fog: A Review on Microphysics and Visibility Prediction

1 Introduction

2 Fog Observations

3 Microphysics of Fog and Visibility

3.1 Fog Visibility Parameterization for NWP Models

3.2 Droplet Number Concentration Parameterization

3.3 Droplet Activation

3.4 Fog Deposition Rates

3.5 Remote Sensing Retrievals of Fog

3.5.1 Satellite Observations

3.5.2 Radar Observations

3.5.3 Lidar, Sodar, and Ceilometers

3.5.4 Microwave Radiometers

4 Fog Forecasting

4.1 Overview of Fog Forecasting

4.2 NWP and Fog Microphysical Parameterization

4.3 Ensemble Prediction System for Fog

4.4 Fog Prediction Using Neural Networks

4.5 Uncertainty in Visibility Observations

5 Future Challenges

5.1 Fog Physical and Dynamical Processes, and Solar Radiation

5.2 Marine Fog Based on Thermodynamical Conditions

5.3 Autoconversion Issues

5.4 Scale Issues

5.5 Cold Fog Issues

5.6 Visibility Observational Uncertainty

5.7 Fog and Climate Change

5.8 CO2 Warming Effect and Fog Dissipation

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Precipitation and Fog

1 Introduction

2 Overview of the Phenomenon

2.1 Where Does Precipitation Fog Occur?

2.2 Synoptic Scale Conditions

2.3 Local Conditions Leading to Precipitation Fog Formation

2.3.1 Temperature Inversions

2.3.2 Precipitation Types and Rates

2.3.3 Cloud Ceilings and Visibility

2.4 Summary

3 Physical Processes

3.1 Fog Formation

3.1.1 The Precipitation Evaporation Perspective

Evaporation of Nonequilibrium Raindrops

The Case of Melting/Freezing Hydrometeors

3.1.2 Adiabatic Cooling

3.1.3 Air-Sea Interactions and Turbulent Mixing

3.1.4 Radiative Cooling

3.2 Dissipation

4 Summary and Perspectives

References

Chapter 9: Modeling and Forecasting Marine Fog

1 Introduction

2 Early Studies

3 Some of the Basic Observational Studies of Marine Fog

4 Modeling and Forecasting of Marine Fog

4.1 Statistical Modeling and Forecasting

4.2 Dynamical Modeling- Historical Development

4.3 Summary

5 Research and Application Studies of Marine Fog- WorldwideViewpoint

5.1 Atlantic

5.2 U.S. West Coast

5.3 England and Scotland Coasts

5.4 Yellow Sea

5.5 China Sea

5.6 Other Regions

6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 10: Ensemble Fog Prediction

1 Introduction

2 Sensitivity of Fog Prediction to Model IC and Physics

3 Improvement of Fog Forecasts Through Ensemble Approach

3.1 Fog Algorithm

3.2 Sensitivity of Fog-Related Variables to IC, Model Dynamic Core and Physics

3.3 Improvement in Deterministic Forecast Accuracy Through Ensemble

3.4 Advantage of Ensemble-Based Probabilistic Forecasts

4 Status of Operational Ensemble Prediction of Fog and Low Visibility

5 Verification of Ensemble Forecasts

5.1 Ensemble Mean

5.2 Ensemble Spread

5.3 Probability

6 Summary

Appendix: A Balance Theory Based Fog Algorithm for Fog Intensity

References

Chapter 11: Multi-spectral Remote Sensing of Sea Fog with Simultaneous Passive Infrared and Microwav

1 Introduction

2 Data and Methods

3 Yellow Sea Fog Case

4 South China Sea Fog Case

5 Subtropical Stratocumulus Case

6 Comparison of Cases

7 Summary and Future Prospects

References

Index

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Darko Koračin,Clive Dorman,Marine Fog Challenges,Advancements,Observations Modeling,Forecasting