Medicine for the Outdoors The Essential Guide to First Aid and Medical Emergencies 6th Edition Paul S Auerbach

Part One General Information

How to Use This Book

Before You Go

Be in Good Health

Be Prepared

Common Sense

Rules of the Road

Conditioning and Acclimatization

Equipment

Communication

Trip Plans

Medicines

Nutrition

Fluid Requirements

Personal Hygiene and Bodily Waste Disposal

General Injury Prevention: Risk Factors

Disaster Preparedness

The Scene

Duty to Assist

General First-Aid Principles

Evaluate the Victim

Assisting a Victim of Starvation

Long-Term Care of an Unconscious or Gravely Disabled Person

Medical Decision-Making

Part Two Major Medical Problems

Introduction

An Approach to the Unconscious Victim

Helmet Removal

Airway

Breathing

Check for Pulses (Circulation)

Protect the Cervical Spine

Chest Injury

Broken Ribs

Flail Chest

Pneumothorax

Bruised Lung

Treatment for Chest Injuries

Serious Lung Disorders

Asthma

Pulmonary Embolism

Heart Failure (Often Called “Congestive Heart Failure”)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Pneumonia

Chest Pain

Angina Pectoris

Heart Attack (Acute Myocardial Infarction)

Very Rapid Heart Rate

Noncardiac Causes of Chest Pain

Bleeding

Treatment for Bleeding

Internal Bleeding

Shock

Head Injury

Concussion, with or without Loss of Consciousness

No Loss of Consciousness

Lacerations of the Scalp

Allergic Reaction

Treatment for an Allergic Reaction

Seizure

Treatment for Seizure

Fractures and Dislocations

Compartment Syndrome

Splints and Slings

Taping

Specific Injuries

Amputation

Burns

Definitions (Figure 117)

Treatment for Burns

Burn Prevention

Inhalation Injuries

Thermal Injury

Smoke (Chemical) Injury

Air Quality Index for Particles

Aspiration Injury

Abdominal Pain

General Evaluation

Physical Examination

Epigastrium

Right Upper Quadrant

Left Upper Quadrant

Right Lower Quadrant

Left Lower Quadrant

Lower Abdomen (Central)

Flank

Emergency Childbirth

Complicated Deliveries

Diabetes

Stroke

Infectious Diseases

Malaria

Yellow Fever

Dengue

Chikungunya Illness

West Nile Viral Disease

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Relapsing Fever

Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers

Ebola, Lassa, and Other Viruses That Cause “Hemorrhagic Fevers”

Schistosomiasis

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Colorado Tick Fever

Lyme Disease

Ehrlichiosis

Anaplasmosis

African Tick-Bite Fever

Babesiosis

Trichinellosis (Trichinosis)

Leptospirosis

Tularemia

Meningococcal Disease (Including Meningitis)

Rabies

Dealing with Death

Handling a Dead Body

Emotional Considerations

Obtaining Assistance

Part Three Minor Medical Problems

Introduction

General Symptoms

Unconscious (or Semiconscious) Victim

Fainting

Fatigue

Fever and Chills

Fever in a Returned Traveler

Cough

Coughing Blood

Hiccups (Hiccoughs)

Dizziness

Head (Also Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat, and Mouth)

Headache

Bell’s Palsy

Ear

Eye

Nose

Throat

Mouth and Teeth

Upper Respiratory Disorders

Common Cold

Influenza

Bronchitis

Pleuritis

Hay Fever

Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Diarrhea

Constipation

Hemorrhoids, Anal Fissure, and Rectal Prolapse

Flatus

Heartburn

Nausea and Vomiting

Vomiting Blood

Ulcer Disease

Hepatitis

Skin Disorders

Sunburn

Sunscreens

Melanoma

Poison Ivy, Sumac, and Oak (Genus Toxicodendron)

Rashes Incurred in the Water

Hives

Heat Rash

Intertrigo

Chafe

Impetigo

Cellulitis, Including Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Abscess

Ingrown Toenail

Fingertip Cracks

Paronychia

Felon

Blisters

Plantar Warts

Athlete’S Foot, Ringworm, and Jock Itch

Tinea Versicolor

Onychomycosis

Diaper Rash

Armpit Odor

Lice

Scabies

Creeping Eruption

Shingles

Herpes Simplex Virus Genital Infection

Fever Blisters

Minor Bruises and Wounds

Bruises

Black Eye

Blood under the Fingernail

Torn Fingernail

Puncture Wounds

Impaled Object

Scrapes

Cuts (Lacerations)

Skin Flaps and Avulsions

Taping a Wound Closed

Sewing (Suturing) a Wound Closed

Stapling a Wound Closed

Gluing a Wound Closed

Bandaging Techniques

Wound Infection

Abscess (Boil)

Scalp Laceration (Cut on the Head)

Fishhook Removal

Splinter Removal

Blisters

Musculoskeletal Injuries

Overuse Syndromes

Arthritis

Bursitis

Venous Thrombosis and Thrombophlebitis

Back Pain

Disorders of the Kidneys, Bladder, and Prostate

Bladder Infection

Kidney Infection

Kidney Stone

Blood in the Urine

Acute Urinary Retention

Prostate Infection

Male Genital Problems

Painful Testicle

Penile Discharge

Infection of the Foreskin (Balanitis)

Psychiatric Emergencies

Anxiety

Panic

Hyperventilation

Depression

Psychosis

Reaction to an Injury or Illness

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Part Four Disorders Related to Specific Environments

Injuries and Illnesses Due to Cold

Hypothermia (Lowered Body Temperature)

What to Do if You Fall Through the Ice

How to Assist Someone Who Has Fallen Through the Ice

Winter Storm Preparedness

Safe Sledding

Frostbite

Frostnip

Immersion Foot (Trench Foot)

Chilblain (Pernio)

Raynaud’S Phenomenon

Hives Induced by Exposure to Cold

Snow Blindness

Injuries and Illnesses Due to Heat

Burn Injuries

Heat-Related Illness (Hyperthermia)

Heat Exhaustion and Heatstroke

Muscle Cramps

Heat Swelling

Fainting

Avoiding Heat Illness

Wildland Fires

High-Risk Situations

Standard Fire Encounter Principles

What to Do When Caught in a Wildland Fire

How to Report a Fire

Creating a Defensible Space

Medical Considerations

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

High Altitude–Related Problems

Prevention of High Altitude–Related Disorders

High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema

High-Altitude Cerebral Edema

Acute Mountain Sickness

Other Disorders of High Altitude

Snakebite

Poisonous Snakes

Nonpoisonous Snakes

Insect and Arthropod Bites

Bees, Spiders, Scorpions, and Other Small Biters

Spiders

Scorpions

Mosquitoes

Biting Flies

Fleas

Chiggers

Centipedes and Millipedes

Ticks

Caterpillars

Beetles

Sucking Bugs

Skin Infestation by Fly Larvae

Insect Repellents and Other Protection Against Insects

Leeches

Lightning Strike, Tornado (Cyclone), Hurricane (Typhoon), Flood, Earthquake, Tidal Wave (Tsunami), Landslide (Mudslide), Volcano, and Snow Avalanche

Lightning Strike

Lightning Avoidance and How to Seek Safety

Tornado Avoidance and How to Seek Safety

Hurricane: How to Seek Safety

Flood: How to Seek Safety

Earthquake: What to Do and How to Seek Safety

Tidal Wave: How to Seek Safety

Landslide: How to Seek Safety

Volcano

Snow Avalanche

Hazardous Aquatic Life and Aquatic Infections

Sharks

Barracudas

Moray Eels

Sponges

Jellyfish

Coral and Barnacle Cuts

Sea Urchins

Starfish

Cucumbers

Bristleworms

Cone Snails (Shells)

Stingrays

Catfish

Scorpionfish

Surgeonfish

Octopuses

Sea Snakes

Skin Rashes Caused by Aquatic Plants (Seaweed Dermatitis) or Creatures (Sea Bather’s Eruption, Swimmer’s Itch)

Poisonings from Seafood

Underwater Diving Accidents

Air Embolism

Decompression Sickness (the “Bends”)

Nitrogen Narcosis

Ear Squeeze

Sinus Squeeze

Tooth Squeeze

Drowning

Recognizing a Victim of Drowning

Prevention of Drowning

Animal Attacks

General Treatment

Special Considerations

Avoidance of Hazardous Animals

Wild Plant and Mushroom Poisoning

Medical History

Treatment for Poisonings

Commonly Ingested Toxic Plants and Mushrooms

Toxicity of Common Plants

Toxic Plants by Common Name, Latin or Common Scientific Name—Type of Toxicity

Nontoxic Plants (Common Name, Latin or Common Scientific Name)

Part Five Miscellaneous Information

Oxygen Administration

Precautions

Water Disinfection

Motion Sickness

Jet Lag

First-Aid Kits

Basic Supplies

General Supplies

Wound Care: Preparations and Dressings

Splinting and Sling Material

Eye Medications and Dressings

Dental Supplies

Topical Skin Preparations

Nonprescription Medications

Prescription Medications (Select From This List, and From Information Throughout This Book, What You Feel You Might Need; the Drugs Listed are “for Example”)

Allergy Kit

Forest and Mountain Environments

Aquatic Environments

Immunizations

Tetanus

Poliovirus; Diphtheria; Pertussis (Whooping Cough); Measles, Mumps, Rubella (German Measles); Chickenpox; Haemophilus B; Rotavirus

Smallpox

Cholera

Yellow Fever

Meningococcus

Herpes Zoster

Human Papillomavirus

Hepatitis

Bubonic Plague

Rabies

Malaria

Typhoid Fever

Typhus Fever

Influenza

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Japanese Encephalitis

Lyme Disease

Physicians Abroad

Transport of the Injured Victim

Lifting and Moving Techniques

Carries and Litters

Helicopters

Ground-to-Air Distress Signals

Lost People

Procedures

Intramuscular Injection

Subcutaneous Injection

Fishhook Removal

Splinter Removal

Ring Removal

Zipper Removal

Knots and Hitches

Appendix One Commonly Used Drugs (Medications) and Doses

Drugs and Pregnancy

Allergic Reaction to a Drug

For Relief from a Severe Allergic Reaction

For Relief from a Mild Allergic Reaction or Hay Fever

For Relief from Severe Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

For Relief from Mild Asthma

For Treatment of Chest Pain (Angina)

For Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure

For Treatment of Seizures (Epilepsy)

For Relief from Pain (See also “For Relief from Muscle Aches or Minor Arthritis”)

For Relief from Fever

For Relief from Muscle Aches or Minor Arthritis

For Relief from Muscle Spasm

For Relief from Migraine Headache

For Relief from Itching

For Relief from Toothache

For Relief from Motion Sickness

For Relief from Nausea and Vomiting

For Relief from Diarrhea

For Relief from Constipation

For Relief from Ulcer Pain

For Relief from Indigestion or Gas Pains

For Relief from Heartburn (Reflux Esophagitis)

For Relief from Nasal Congestion

For Relief from Cough

For Relief from Sore Throat

Cold Formulas

Skin Medications

For Sleep

Antibiotics

Appendix Two Conversion Tables

Fahrenheit and Centigrade (Celsius) Temperature Conversion

Measures of Length

Measures of Volume (Capacity)

Measures of Weight

Conversion Between Feet and Meters

Appendix Three Guidelines for Prevention of Diseases Transmitted Via Human Blood and Other Bodily Fluids

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Postexposure Prophylaxis

Appendix Four Commonly Used Applications of the SAM Splint

General

The Concept: the Basic Bend

Finger Splint (for Fingertip Injuries, Broken or Dislocated Finger, Cut Finger)

Volar (Underneath) Wrist Splint (for Broken Wrist, Cut Wrist, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)

Thumb Spica Splint (for Navicular [Scaphoid] Fracture, Broken or Dislocated Thumb, Ulnar Collateral Ligament Sprain)

Ulnar Gutter Splint (for Broken or Dislocated Fourth or Fifth Finger)

Double Layer Wrist Splint (for Sprained or Broken Wrist, Cut Wrist)

Upper Arm Splint (for Broken Upper Arm)

“Sugar Tong” Splint (for Dislocated or Broken Elbow)

Elbow Splint (for Dislocated or Broken Elbow)

Adjustable Cervical (Neck) Collar (for Suspected Neck Injury)

Anterior Dislocation of the Shoulder

Ankle Stirrup Splint (for Sprained, Broken, or Dislocated Ankle; for Broken Lower Leg)

Figure-Eight Ankle Splint (for Sprained, Broken, or Dislocated Ankle)

Combination Ankle Stirrup and Figure-of-Eight Splint (for Sprained, Broken or Dislocated Ankle Where Maximum Immobilization is Needed)

Single Long Leg Splint (for Broken Lower Leg)

Double Long Leg Splint (for Broken Lower Leg Where More Immobilization is Needed)

Knee Immobilizer Splint (for Knee Injuries)

Half-Ring Splint for Femur Fracture (for Broken Femur)

Impaled Object Protector

Appendix Five Personal Safety in an Age of Global Conflict, Kidnapping, and Terrorism

Safe Travel

Kidnapping and Hostage Behavior

Piracy

Blast Injuries