Nanoparticles in humans experiments methods and strategies 1st Edition by Lev Ruzer 1315341309 9781315341309

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ISBN-10 :  1315341309 

ISBN-13 : 9781315341309

Author:  Lev Ruzer 

A peek into the literature on the environmental health implications of the rapidly developing nanotechnology industry shows that the potential problem of exposure to airborne nanoparticles has not been adequately addressed. The health and safety of nanotechnology workers are of concern because these groups run the greatest risk of exposure to elevated concentrations of nanomaterials. However, a gap exists between the currently available particle measurement methods and those appropriate for the assessment of nanoaerosol exposure. This book presents new ideas and methods to measure the surface area and local deposition of nanoparticles in the lungs and the true value of respirators. It proposes a nanoparticle dosimetric road map that can be used as a general strategy for the assessment of the dose, which is the most important physical cause of adverse effects on health in the case of nanoparticle exposure. The book suggests the use of 1 nm radioactive particles, called unattached activity of radon progeny, as a safe experimental tool for nanoparticle studies, including human studies. It discusses the problems related to the general strategy of risk assessment in nanoparticle exposure and concrete parameters related to dosage. The ideas presented in this book help close the gaps in our knowledge of aerosols in the nanometer range and improve our understanding of nanoparticle behavior in the air and in the human body.

Nanoparticles in humans experiments methods and strategies 1st table of contents:

1 Radon Deadlock
1.1 Radon and Health
2 Measurement of the Concentration of Decay Products of Radon, Thoron, and Actinon
2.1 Characteristics of Radon Progeny
2.2 The Basic Equations for Radon Decay Product Series
2.3 The General Activity Methods of Measuring Concentration of Radon Decay Products
2.4 Measurement of Radon Decay Products in Air by Alpha and Beta Spectrometry
2.4.1 Measurement Procedure and Experimental Results
2.5 Absorption of Alpha Radiation in the sample
2.6 Measurement Procedure for Determination of Activity of RaA, RaB, RaC, and RaC′ on Filter by Alpha and Beta Spectrometry
2.6.1 218Po (RaA) Activity Measurement
2.6.2 214Po (RaC′) Activity Measurement
2.6.3 214Pb (RaC) Activity Measurement
2.6.4 214Bi (RaB) Activity Measurement
2.7 Characteristics of Thoron and Actinon Decay Products
2.8 The Basic Equations for Thoron and Actinon Series
2.8.1 Thoron Series
2.8.2 Actinon Series
2.9 Conclusion
3 Unattached Activity of Radon Progeny
3.1 Unattached Activity Properties
3.1.1 The Attachment of Atoms of Radon Progeny to Non-Radioactive Aerosols
3.1.2 Equilibrium Conditions between Unattached Activity, Aerosols, and Surface Activity
3.1.3 Size (Diffusion Coefficient) Distribution of the Unattached Activity
3.1.4 A Nuclear Mass Spectrometer for Studying Radon Progeny Cluster
3.2 Correlation between the Unattached Activity of Radon Decay Products and Aerosol Concentration
3.3 Measurements of Other Radon Decay Product Unattached Activity Concentration
3.4 The Effect of Recoil Nuclei Being Knocked Off Aerosol Particles Unattached Concentration of Radon Decay Products
3.5 Conclusion
4 Method of Direct Measurement of Activity (Dose) in Miners’ Lungs
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Theory of the Method
4.3 Assessment of the Uncertainties in the Evaluation of the Dose
4.4 Correction for the Shift of Equilibrium of Radon Progeny in the Air and in the Lungs
4.5 Accounting for Parametric Variations: Variations of Concentrations, Breathing Rate and Deposition Coefficients in Real Working Conditions
4.6 Model Measurement
4.7 Phantom Measurements and Geometric Corrections
4.8 Assessment of the Errors of the Direct Method
4.9 Portable Instrument for Direct Measurement of the Activity of Radon Decay Products in the Lungs of Miners
5 Assessment of the Nanoparticles’ Surface Area by Measuring the Unattached Activity of Radon Progeny
5.1 The Unattached Activity of Radon Decay Products
5.2 Conclusion
6 Local Deposition of Nanoparticles in the Human Lung
6.1 Safety of Radioactive Markers in Aerosol Exposure Studies
6.2 Assessment of Particle Deposition in Lungs
6.3 Previous Experiments with This Method
6.4 Human Studies
6.5 Controlled Protocol for Study of Nanoparticle Lung Deposition in Human Subjects
6.6 Discussion and Conclusion
7 Exposure and Dose in Nanoaerosols Studies
7.1 Exposure: Definitions
7.2 Examples of Exposure–Effect Study without Dose Assessment
7.3 Nanoparticle: Definition
7.4 Nanoparticles Dosimetric Road Map
7.5 Nanoparticle Surface Area Measurements
7.6 Nanoparticle Respirators’ True Effectiveness Measurements
7.7 Local Lung Deposition and Dosimetry for Nanoparticles
7.8 Human Experiment Safety Problems
7.9 Conclusion

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