Naturalism in the Philosophy of Health Issues and Implications 1st Edition by Élodie Giroux 3319290894 9783319290898

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ISBN-10 :  3319290894 

ISBN-13 : 9783319290898

Author:  Élodie Giroux 

In a series of papers published in the 1970s, Christopher Boorse proposed a naturalist theory of health, mainly based on a value-free concept of ‘biological function’, a concept of ‘reference class’ and the notion of ‘statistical normality’. His theory has profoundly shaped the philosophical debates on the concepts of health and disease. It could even be said that the numerous criticisms of his ‘biostatistical theory’ are at the centre of what is usually referred to as the debate between ‘normativists’ and ‘naturalists’. Today, the predominant naturalist theory of health is still Boorse’s biostatistical theory.  This volume offers the first comprehensive review and critical assessment of the nature and status of naturalism in the philosophy of health. It explores the notion of biological normativity and its relevance for the philosophy of health, and it analyses the implications of the philosophical theories of health for healthcare and the debate on health enhancement.  In the first section, several contributions identify the kind of ‘naturalism’ the biostatistical theory belongs to and offer further criticisms or possible modifications, such as the concept of function that is required by this theory, and whether a comparativist approach to health is more relevant than a non-comparativist one. The second section explores natural or biological ‘normativity’ and some possible accounts of health that could be based on this concept. The third and final section focuses on the implications of naturalism in healthcare. ‘Goals of Medicine’ is the first paper in which Christopher Boorse ventured toward analysing the implication of his biostatistical theory of health on the practice of medicine, the difficult issue of the goals of medicine and the boundary between treating and enhancing. Other papers in this section critically evaluate Boorse’s account and analyse the importance of a positive concept of health.

Naturalism in the Philosophy of Health Issues and Implications 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction. Why a Book on Naturalism in the Philosophy of Health?
1.1 The Debate Between Naturalism and Normativism and the Problematic Meaning of ‘Naturalism
1.2 Conceptual Analysis and Its Motives
1.3 Defining Disease: A ‘Degenerative Project’?
1.4 The Three Main Motives for Pursuing Health and Disease Analysis and Exploring the Potential
1.5 Presentation of the Book
References
Part I: The Biostatistical Theory of Disease: Criticisms and Improvements
Chapter 2: Is Boorse’s Biostatistical Theory of Health Naturalistic?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 In What Sense Is the BST ‘Naturalistic’?
2.2.1 Ontological Naturalism or Methodological Naturalism?
2.2.2 The BST’s Methodological Naturalism Consists in the Conceptual Analysis of a ‘Theoreti
2.3 Conceptual Analysis of a Weak Theoretical Term: A Critical Analysis
2.3.1 How Theoretical Are Health and Disease in Medical Science?
2.3.2 Underdetermination of Weak Theoretical Concepts of ‘Health’ and ‘Disease’
2.4 Is Medicine One Body of Knowledge Organized Around a Physiological Notion of Health and Dis
2.4.1 Is There Any General Concept of Normality in Physiology?
2.4.1.1 Does Physiology Resort to ‘Reference classes’?
2.4.1.2 Idealization in Physiology Is not Statistical
2.4.1.3 Are Biological Functions “Contributions to Survival and Reproduction”?
2.4.2 The Prominence of Physiology in Medicine
2.4.2.1 What Does Being “The Paradigm Health Discipline” Involve?
2.4.2.2 Is Physiology a Basic Science?
2.4.2.3 Are ‘Health’ and ‘Disease’ Basic Concepts for, or Basic Concepts of, Physiology?
2.4.3 The BST: Health and Disease as Implicit Theoretical Concepts of Medical Practice
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: In Search of Normal Functions: BST, Cummins Functions, and Hempel’s Problem
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Normal Functions and Cummins Functions: A Family Resemblance
3.3 Immunity to Refutation, and Why It Is not Enough
3.4 Disease in a World Where Life Neither Begins nor Ends: A Thought Experiment
3.5 Contribution to What? An Alternative View
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Comparative and Non-comparative Concepts of Health
References
Chapter 5: What a Naturalist Theory of Illness Should Be
5.1 The Concept of Illness in Boorse’s Theory
5.2 The Logical Relation of the Concepts of Disease and Illness
5.3 Bill Fulford’s Objections to the Logical Priority of Disease Over Illness
5.4 Illness as Subjective and Objective Notion
5.5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Health, Normativity and Naturalism
Chapter 6: Contextualizing Medical Norms: Georges Canguilhem’s Surnaturalism
6.1 Contextualizing Normality: Ryle and Canguilhem
6.2 Canguilhem’s Surnaturalism: Towards a Biological Theory of Health and Disease
6.3 Consequences and Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Organizational Malfunctions and the Notions of Health and Disease
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Organizational Malfunctions
7.2.1 The Organizational Approach
7.2.2 Adaptive Regulation
7.2.3 Functional Presupposition
7.2.4 An Organizational Definition of Biological Malfunction
7.3 Implications for the Philosophy of Medicine: State Descriptions and Normative Claims
7.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Biological Organization and Pathology: Three Views on the Normativity of Medicine
8.1 Introduction
8.2 What Is Biological Organization? Descriptive and Normative Conceptions of Biology
8.2.1 Design vs. Organization
8.2.2 Complexity: Reductionism and Closure
8.2.3 Ecological and Interactive Views of Individuality
8.3 How Are We to Identify Diseases?
8.3.1 The Functional Approach
8.3.2 The Normal–Broken View
8.3.3 How Systemic Views Challenge the Normal–Broken Framework
8.4 Three Kinds of Normativity
8.4.1 Naturalist Normativity
8.4.2 Heuristic Normativity
8.4.3 Vital Normativity
8.5 Conclusions: Ontology, Normativity and Medical Practice
References
Part III: Implications for Healthcare
Chapter 9: Goals of Medicine
9.1 Some Conceptual Analysis
9.1.1 Physicians
9.1.2 Physicians and Medical Care
9.1.3 Physicians, Medical Care, and Health
9.1.4 Medicine More Broadly, and Health Promotion
9.2 Internal Morality of Medicine: A Survey of Views
9.3 Goals of Medicine: Two Proposed Lists
9.3.1 The Hastings Center Project Report
9.3.2 Miller and Brody
9.4 Some Lessons of History
9.4.1 Ancient Contraception
9.4.2 Victorian Obstetrical Anesthesia
9.5 Goals of Medicine: A Better List
9.6 Physicians Unbound?
References
Chapter 10: From “Better than Well” to “More than Human”
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Transhumanists: Where Do they Belong?
10.3 Bioconservatives
10.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 11: Broadening and Balancing the Goals of Medicine: Battling Disease and Treating the H
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Principle IV
11.3 Central and Peripheral Goals of Health in Daniels
11.4 The Project of Defining Disease
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: A Defence of a Holistic Concept of Health
12.1 The Purpose of This Paper
12.2 Conceptual Analysis in Philosophy of Medicine
12.3 Towards a Defence of a Holistic Notion of Health
12.4 Prevalent Characterizations of Health
12.4.1 The WHO Context
12.4.2 Nursing Literature and Feminist Literature
12.5 The Standard Medical Encounter and the Goals of Medicine
12.5.1 The Medical Encounter
12.5.2 The Goals of Medicine
12.6 Different Concepts of Holistic Health
12.6.1 Health as Well-Being
12.6.2 Feelings and the Notion of Subjective Health
12.7 How Should a Concept of Health Be Reconstructed?
12.8 Concluding Remarks

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Tags: Naturalism, the Philosophy, Health Issues, Implications, Élodie Giroux