Non Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis 2nd Edition by Robert Northrop ISBN 9781498749930 1498749933

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ISBN 10: 1498749933
ISBN 13: 9781498749930
Author: Robert Northrop

Non Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis 2nd Edition Table of contents:

1. Introduction to Noninvasive Medical Measurements

1.1 Definitions of Noninvasive, Minimally Invasive, and Invasive Medical Measurements

1.2 Modalities of NI Instrumentation

1.3 Chapter Summary

2. Visual Inspection of Tissues with Certain Endoscopes and Other Optical Devices

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Ophthalmoscopes, Slit Lamps, and Otoscopes

2.2.1 Ophthalmoscopes

2.2.2 Slit Lamps

2.2.3 Otoscopes

2.3 Endoscopes

2.4 CCD and CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors

2.4.1 CCD Image Sensors

2.4.2 CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors

2.5 NI Diagnosis of Skin Lesions

2.5.1 Introduction

2.5.2 Malignant Melanoma

2.5.3 Discussion

2.6 Chapter Summary

3. Noninvasive Diagnosis Using Sounds Originating from within the Body

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Background

3.1.2 Stethoscopes

3.1.3 Microphones

3.1.4 Acoustic Coupling

3.1.5 Discussion

3.2 Means of Analysis for Acoustic Signals

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.2 Discrete Fourier Transform and the Power Density Spectrum

3.2.3 Time–Frequency Analysis for Transient Sounds

3.2.4 Discussion

3.3 Heart Sounds

3.3.1 Introduction

3.3.2 Abnormal Heart Sounds

3.3.3 Discussion

3.4 Breath Sounds

3.4.1 Introduction

3.4.2 Abnormal Breath Sounds

3.4.3 Discussion

3.5 Otoacoustic Emissions

3.5.1 Introduction

3.5.2 Otoacoustic Testing

3.5.3 Discussion

3.6 Chapter Summary

4. Measurement of Electrical Potentials and Magnetic Fields from the Body Surface

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Electrodes

4.2.1 Introduction

4.2.2 Electrode Half-Cell Potential

4.2.3 Equivalent Circuits for AgCl Skin Electrodes

4.2.4 Dry Electrodes

4.2.5 Invasive Electrodes

4.3 Biopotential Amplifiers

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.2 Single-Ended Input Amplifiers

4.3.3 Differential Amplifiers

4.3.4 Op-amps Used for Signal Conditioning

4.3.5 Noise and Low-Noise Amplifiers

4.3.6 Medical Isolation Amplifiers

4.3.7 Driven-Leg ECG Amplifiers

4.3.8 Discussion

4.4 ECG

4.4.1 Introduction

4.4.2 Electrode Placements

4.4.3 Vector Cardiography

4.4.4 ECG Analysis, Feature Extraction, and Diagnosis

4.4.5 Discussion

4.5 EMG

4.5.1 Introduction

4.5.2 Origin of EMGs

4.5.3 EMG Amplifiers

4.5.4 What EMGs Can Tell Us

4.5.5 Discussion

4.6 Electroencephalogram

4.6.1 Introduction

4.6.2 Sources and Classification of the EEG

4.6.3 EEG Recording Systems

4.6.4 2-D Spatial Sampling of Scalp EEG Potentials by Electrode Arrays

4.6.5 EEG Amplifiers, Interfaces, and Signal Processing

4.6.6 Event-Related Potentials and Signal Averaging

4.6.7 Discussion

4.7 Other Body Surface Potentials

4.7.1 Introduction

4.7.2 EOG

4.7.3 Electroretinogram

4.7.4 Electrocochleogram

4.7.5 Discussion

4.8 Magnetoelectric Measurements

4.8.1 Introduction: SQUID and SQUID Arrays

4.8.2 Magnetoencephalogram

4.8.3 Magnetocardiography Using SQUIDs

4.8.4 Other Magnetoelectric Measurements

4.8.5 Optical Atomic Magnetometers

4.8.6 Discussion

4.9 Chapter Summary

5. Noninvasive Measurements of Blood Pressure

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Cuff Sphygmomanometer

5.3 Other Means of Noninvasively Estimating BP

5.4 Chapter Summary

6. Body Temperature Measurements

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Conductive Heat Transfer and Thermometer Response Time

6.3 LIR BB Thermometer

6.3.1 Introduction

6.3.2 Physics of BB Radiation

6.3.3 Temperature Measurement with PYMs

6.3.4 ThermoScan LIR Thermometers

6.3.5 Discussion

6.4 Chapter Summary

7. Noninvasive Blood Gas Sensing with Electrodes

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Transcutaneous O2 Sensing

7.2.1 Introduction: The Clark Electrode

7.2.2 Transcutaneous [O2] (tcpO2) Sensor

7.3 Transcutaneous CO2 Sensing

7.3.1 Introduction: The Stow–Severinghaus Electrode

7.3.2 Transcutaneous tcpCO2 Sensing

7.4 Chapter Summary

8. Tests on Naturally Voided Body Fluids

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Instrumental Methods

8.2.1 Introduction

8.2.2 Dispersive Spectrophotometry

8.2.3 Nondispersive Spectroscopy

8.2.4 Chemical Analysis by SPR

8.2.5 Ion-Selective Electrodes

8.2.6 Flame Photometry

8.2.7 Gas Chromatography

8.2.8 Mass Spectrometry

8.3 What Can Be Learned from Urine?

8.3.1 Introduction

8.3.2 Diagnosis of Early-Stage Pancreatic Cancer from Proteins in the Urine

8.4 What Can Be Learned from Feces?

8.5 What Can Be Learned from Saliva?

8.6 What Can Be Learned from Breath?

8.7 Chapter Summary

9. Plethysmography

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Volume Displacement Plethysmography

9.3 Impedance Plethysmography

9.3.1 Introduction

9.3.2 Self-Balancing, Impedance Plethysmographs

9.3.3 Applications of Impedance Plethysmography

9.3.4 Discussion

9.4 Photo-Plethysmography

9.5 Chapter Summary

10. Pulmonary Function Tests

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Spirometers and Related Equipment

10.3 Tests with Spirometers

10.4 Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide

10.5 Chapter Summary

11. Measurement of Basal Metabolism

11.1 Introduction

11.2 BMR Test Procedure

11.3 Chapter Summary

12. Ocular Tonometry

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Noncontact, Air-Puff Applanation Tonometer

12.3 Contact Tonometers

12.4 Chapter Summary

13. Noninvasive Tests Involving the Input of Audible Sound Energy

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Acoustic Impedance Measurement of the Respiratory System

13.3 Acoustic Impedance Measurement of the Eardrum (Tympanometry)

13.4 Transthoracic Acoustic Transfer Function as a Possible Measure of Lung Condition

13.4.1 Introduction

13.4.2 Transthoracic Propagation of Broadband Acoustic Noise to Evaluate Pulmonary Health

13.4.3 Use of White Noise Sound Introduced into the Oral Airway to Assess Lung Condition

13.4.4 Discussion

13.5 Chapter Summary

14. Noninvasive Tests Using Ultrasound (Excluding Imaging)

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Doppler Effect

14.3 Doppler Ultrasound for Blood and Tissue Velocity Measurements

14.3.1 Angle-Dependent, CW, Blood Velocity Magnitude Measurement

14.3.2 Directional, CW Doppler System

14.3.3 Angle-Independent, CW Doppler Velocimetry

14.3.4 Pulsed Doppler Systems

14.3.5 Discussion

14.4 NOTOPM System

14.4.1 Introduction

14.4.2 Closed-Loop, Constant-Phase, No-Touch Means of Measurement of OP

14.4.3 Discussion

14.5 Closed-Loop, Type 1, Constant-Phase Difference Ranging System

14.5.1 Introduction

14.5.2 Analysis of a Linear NOTOPM System Using a VPC

14.5.3 Other Applications of the CPDRS Architecture Using Ultrasound

14.5.4 Discussion

14.6 Measurement of Tissue Glucose Concentration By Closed-Loop, Constant-Phase, CW Ultrasound: A Prototype System

14.6.1 Introduction

14.6.2 Approximate Model of How c Varies with Density, ρ

14.6.3 Phase Lag between the Transmitted and Received CW Ultrasound Waves

14.6.4 System Block Diagram for the Constant-Phase Glucose Sensor System

14.6.5 Discussion

14.7 Chapter Summary

15. Noninvasive Applications of Photon Radiation (Excluding Imaging)

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Bone Densitometry

15.2.1 Introduction

15.2.2 DXA Method

15.2.3 Discussion

15.3 NI Diagnosis By Tissue Fluorescence

15.3.1 Introduction

15.3.2 Properties of Fluorescent Molecules

15.3.3 Fluorescence in NI Cancer Diagnosis

15.3.4 Discussion

15.4 Optical Interferometric Measurement of Nanometer Displacements of Biological Surfaces

15.4.1 Introduction

15.4.2 Measurement of Tympanal Membrane Displacement By Fizeau Interferometer

15.4.3 Measurement of Skin Vibration By Optical Interferometry

15.4.4 Discussion

15.5 Laser Doppler Velocimetry

15.5.1 Principles of LDV

15.5.2 LDV Applied to Retinal Blood Vessels

15.5.3 LDV Applied to Skin and Other Tissues

15.5.4 Discussion

15.6 TIR Spectroscopy

15.6.1 Introduction

15.6.2 Direct Measurement of Blood Glucose with IR Spectrosopy

15.6.3 Transcutaneous Measurement of Glucose with IR

15.6.4 Discussion

15.7 Estimation of Blood Glucose from NI Measurement of Optical Rotation of the Aqueous Humor of the Eye (a Prototype System)

15.7.1 Introduction

15.7.2 Open-Loop Gilham Microdegree Polarimeter

15.7.3 Dynamics and Sensitivity of the Closed-Loop Polarimeter

15.7.4 Application of the Modified Gilham Polarimeter to the Measurement of the Optical Rotation of Aqueous Humor in a Model System

15.7.5 Discussion

15.8 Semi-Invasive, Continuous Measurement of Blood Glucose Using Subcutaneous Sensors

15.8.1 Introduction

15.8.2 Biorasis Inc. Glucowizzard Subcutaneous Continuous Glucose Monitoring

15.9 Pulse Oximetry

15.9.1 Introduction

15.9.2 Pulse Oximetry Systems

15.9.3 Discussion

15.10 NI Measurement of Certain Biomolecules By Raman Spectroscopy

15.10.1 Introduction

15.10.2 Diagnostic Applications of Raman Spectroscopy

15.10.3 Discussion

15.11 Chapter Summary

16. A Survey of Medical Imaging Systems

16.1 Introduction

16.2 X-rays

16.2.1 Introduction

16.2.2 Sources of Medical X-rays

16.2.3 X-ray Detectors and Recording Media

16.2.4 X-ray Mammography

16.2.5 Mammography with Ultrasound

16.3 Tomography

16.3.1 Introduction

16.3.2 Formation of Tomograms with the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique

16.3.3 Use of the RT in Tomography

16.4 Positron Emission Tomography

16.4.1 Introduction

16.4.2 PET Process

16.4.3 Some PET Applications

16.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

16.5.1 Introduction

16.5.2 MRI Physics

16.5.3 How MRI Works

16.5.4 MRI Contrast Agents

16.6 Single-Photon Emission Tomography

16.6.1 Introduction

16.6.2 Radiochemicals Used in SPECT

16.6.3 Scintillation Crystals Used in Nuclear Medicine

16.6.4 Gamma Cameras and Collimators

16.6.5 Future Trends in Nuclear Medical Imaging

16.7 Optical Coherence Tomography

16.7.1 Introduction

16.7.2 How OCT Works

16.7.3 Applications of OCT

16.8 Ultrasound Imaging

16.8.1 Introduction

16.8.2 Physics of Ultrasound Propagation in Solids and Liquids

16.8.3 Ultrasound Transducers

16.8.4 Doppler Ultrasound Imaging

16.9 Other Imaging Modalities

16.9.1 Introduction

16.9.2 LIR Thermal Imaging of Body Surfaces

16.9.3 Microwave Imaging

16.9.4 EIT in 2-D Imaging

16.10 Chapter Summary

17. Innovations in Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurements

17.1 Introduction

17.2 DNA Analysis by Polymerase Chain Reaction

17.3 DNA Sequencing with Nanopores

17.4 Fluorescence Tests for Biomolecules: FISH and SKY

17.5 SpectraCube System

17.6 Analytical Microarrays

17.6.1 Introduction

17.6.2 Ab Microarrays

17.6.3 Nucleic Acid Microarrays

17.6.4 Peptide and Protein Microarrays

17.6.5 Glycan Microarrays

17.6.6 Lectin Microarrays

17.7 NI Chemical Tests for Cancer Not Involving DNA

17.7.1 Introduction

17.7.2 Melatonin and Cancer

17.7.3 Pteridines and Cancer: Other Chemical Tests

17.7.4 GM Bacteria for NI tumor Detection

17.7.5 In Vitro Magnetic Levitation of Single Cells for Cancer Detection

17.7.6 Use of Circularly Polarized Light for NI Cancer Detection

17.8 Minimally Invasive Sensors Using Drops of Blood

17.8.1 Introduction

17.8.2 Malaria Parasite Detection Using Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry of Hemozoin in Blood

17.8.3 Colorimetric and Redox Blood Glucose Sensors

17.8.4 Blood Clotting Time (INR) Measurement

17.8.5 Scanning Confocal Microscopy

17.8.6 Liquid Biopsies and the Detection of Cancer

17.9 Blood Alcohol Concentration Estimation by Breathalyzer

17.9.1 BAC Estimation by Measuring Transdermal Alcohol Concentration Using Wearable Sensors

17.9.1.1 Introduction

17.9.1.2 BACtrack Skyn

17.10 Capsule Endoscopy

17.11 Use of Diffuse Reflectance Imaging to Detect Oral Cancer

17.11.1 Introduction

17.11.2 DRI System Design and Applications

17.12 Coregistered Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging

17.13 Chapter Summary

18. Introduction to Noninvasive Therapies

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Brain Stimulation Therapies

18.2.1 Introduction

18.2.2 Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

18.2.3 Transcranial DC Stimulation

18.2.4 Electroconvulsive Therapy

18.2.5 Summary

18.3 Treatment of Osteoarthritis with US

18.3.1 Introduction

18.3.2 US Treatment of OA

18.4 Radiation Therapy versus Cancers

18.4.1 Introduction

18.4.2 Radiation Therapy

18.5 TTF: LF AC Electromagnetic Field Stimulation to Fight Glioblastomas

18.6 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

18.7 Heat Therapy

18.8 Interferential Current Therapy

18.8.1 Introduction

18.8.2 Applications of ICT

18.8.3 Other forms of ICT

18.8.4 Electrode Placement for ICT

18.9 Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation in Bone Healing

18.9.1 Introduction

18.9.2 Electrical Stimulation Modalities for Bone Healing

18.9.3 Pulsed Magnetic Stimulation for Bone Healing and Other Medical Conditions

18.10 NI Respiratory (Pneumatic) Therapies

18.10.1 Introduction

18.10.2 CPAP and BPAP

18.11 US May Help Treat ad

18.12 Hearing Aids

18.12.1 Introduction

18.12.2 Human Hearing Characteristics

18.12.3 HAs, Frequency Compensation, and Frequency FLowering Technologies

18.12.4 Conclusions

18.13 “Smart” Wound Dressings

18.14 Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy

18.15 Gene Editing with CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 as a Prospective Therapy for Genetic Diseases

18.15.1 Genetic Disorders

18.15.2 Correcting Chromosome Damage with Genetically Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 Gene Editing Tools

18.16 Chapter Summary

Bibliography

Glossary

Index

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