Peripheral Nerve Entrapments Clinical Diagnosis and Management 1st edition by Andrea Trescot 3319274829 9783319274829

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ISBN-10 :  3319274829 

ISBN-13 :  9783319274829

Author:   Andrea M. Trescot 

Featured as a single volume, this is a comprehensive guide to possible nerve entrapment syndromes and their management. Each chapter covers a single nerve, or group of closely related nerves, and goes over the clinical presentation, anatomy, physical exam, differential diagnosis, contributing factors, injection techniques, neurolytic/surgical techniques, treatments of perpetuating factors, and complications.  Nerve entrapments can occur throughout the body and cause headaches, chest pain, abdominal pain, pelvic pain, low back pain, and upper and lower extremity pain. As an example, one of the most common forms of nerve entrapment syndrome, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, affects roughly 1 in 20 people in the United States, and is only one of several types of entrapment syndromes possible for the median nerve.  Chapters are also extensively illustrated and include 3D anatomical images. The additional online material enhances the book with more than 50 videos – at least 2 for each nerve. This enables readers to easily navigate the book. In addition to a conventional index it includes a “Pain Problems Index” for searching by symptom. Peripheral Nerve Entrapments: Clinical Diagnosis and Management is a long-needed resource for pain physicians, emergency room physicians, and neurologists.

Peripheral Nerve Entrapments Clinical Diagnosis and Management 1st table of contents:

Part I: Peripheral Nerve Entrapments: General Principles
Introduction
References
1: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Results of Peripheral Nerve Entrapment
Conclusion
References
2: History and Physical Exam
History
Physical Exam
References
3: Consequences of Peripheral Nerve Entrapment
Summary
References
4: Pharmacological Treatment of Painful Nerve Entrapment Syndrome
Introduction
Other Investigational Topical Compounds
Systemic Medications
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Acetaminophen
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Medicine Side Effects and Contraindications
Antidepressants
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Medicine Side Effects and Contraindications
Anticonvulsants
Pharmacology
Clinical Application
Medicine Side Effects and Contraindications
Opioids
Pharmacology
Clinical Applications
Medicine Side Effects and Contraindications
Topical Analgesics
Pharmacology
Clinical Use
Capsaicin Patch 8 %
Lidocaine Patch 5 %
Medication Side Effects and Contraindications
References
5: Non-pharmacologic Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Myofascial Pain Syndromes
Manual Medical Treatments (Table 5.2)
Physical Modalities
Patient Education on Postural Habits, Ergonomics, and Activity Modification
Structural Integration (Rolfing)
Massage
Therapeutic Mechanical Load
Neural Mobilization (NM, Colloquially Termed “Neural Flossing”)
Joint Manipulation or Mobilization
Needle Therapies
Acupuncture (Traditional Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture)
Direct Intramuscular Stimulation (Dry Needling)
Trigger Point Injections
Conclusion
References
6: Diagnostic Evaluation
Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Summary
References
7: Peripheral Nerve Entrapment: Injection Techniques
Introduction
Injection Medications
Special Considerations
Types of Injections
Landmark-Guided Nerve Blocks
Use of Peripheral Nerve Stimulator for Nerve Blocks
Fluoroscopy-Guided Nerve Blocks
Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks
Coaxial Tomography (CT)-Guided Nerve Blocks
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI or MR Imaging)-Guided Nerve Blocks
Hydrodissection
Regenerative Injection Therapy
Needles
Complications
Summary
References
8: Neurolytic Techniques
Introduction
Chemoneurolytic Techniques
History of Chemoneurolysis
Chemoneurolytic Agents
Alcohol
Phenol
Phenol Metabolism and Toxicity
Unique Phenol Precautions
Thermal Neurolysis Techniques
Radiofrequency Ablation
Cryoneurolysis
Indications for Neurolysis
Risks of Chemoneurolysis
Risks of Radiofrequency Ablation
Risks of Cryoneuroablation
Summary
References
9: Neuromodulation for Treatment of Nerve Entrapment Syndromes
Introduction
Principal Indications
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Spinal Cord Stimulation
Transforaminal Nerve Stimulation
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation
Intracranial Stimulation
General Contraindications [15]Complications
Summary
References
10: Surgical Treatment of Nerve Entrapment Syndromes
Introduction
Surgical Decompression and Repair
Techniques for Decompression
Transposition
Nerve Transfer/Nerve Grafting
Nerve Conduits
The Role of Imaging (See Chap. 6)
Conclusion
References
11: The Why and What of Integrative Pain Medicine
Introduction
The Medicine of What You Eat, Drink, Think, Feel, and Do
Eat, Drink
Think, Feel, Do
Summary
Resources
References
12: Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Palliative Care for Cancer Patients
Introduction
Etiology of Nerve Compression Pain in Cancer Patients
Examination
Scope of the Chapter
Technique and Contraindications
Evaluation
Some Other Safety Aspects Relevant to the Procedure
Most Often Performed Procedures in Palliative Care
Infiltration of the Greater Occipital Nerve (GON)
Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment (SNE)
Notalgia Paresthetica
Intercostal 11th or 12th Entrapment; “Kissing Syndrome”
Obturator Nerve Entrapment
Meralgia Paresthetica (MP)
Ramus Cutaneous of the 12th Intercostal Nerve and Ramus Cutaneous of the Iliohypogastric Nerve
Superior Cluneal Nerve Entrapment
Sacral Nerve Entrapment
Other Infiltrations That May Be Useful in Control of Pain or Other Symptoms
Conclusion
References
13: Complications of Nerve Entrapment Injection
Introduction
Bleeding Complications
Infection
Nerve Injury
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST)
Vascular Compromise
Steroid Effects
Neuritis from Neurolysis
Burns
Pneumothorax
Conclusion
References
Part II: Headache
Introduction
References
14: Supraorbital Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Anatomy
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Neurolytic/Surgical Techniques
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Chemical Neurolysis
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Surgery
Complications
Summary
References
15: Auriculotemporal Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Anatomy
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopy
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Neurolytic/Surgical Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Chemical Neurolysis
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Surgery
Complications
Summary
References
16: Great Auricular/Posterior Auricular Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 16.1)
Anatomy (Table 16.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 16.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique
Ultrasound (US)-Guided Technique
Neurolytic/Surgical Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Alcohol/Phenol
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Surgery
Complications
Summary
References
17: Greater Occipital Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 17.1)
Anatomy (Table 17.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 17.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors (Table 17.5)
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique
Stealth Technique
CT-Guided Technique
C2 Dorsal Root Ganglion Injections
Neurolytic Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency (RF)
Alcohol/Phenol
Botulinum Neurotoxin
Neurostimulation Therapy
Spinal Cord Stimulation
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Surgical Techniques
Other Treatments
Complications
Summary
References
18: Lesser Occipital Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 18.1)
Anatomy (Table 18.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 18.3)
Identification and Treatment of Perpetuating Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Injection
Ultrasound-Guided Injection
Fluoroscopy-Guided Injection
Neurolytic/Surgical Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning (RF)
Neurolytic Injections
Surgery
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Complications
Summary
References
19: Third Occipital Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 19.1)
Anatomy (Table 19.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 19.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors (Table 19.5)
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Injections
Fluoroscopic-Directed Injection
Ultrasound-Directed Injection
MRI-Directed Injections
Neurolytic/Surgical Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Neurolytic Injections
Botulinum Toxin
Occipital Nerve Stimulation
Surgical Treatment
Complications
Summary
References
20: Suboccipital Neuralgia and Decompression
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 20.1)
Anatomy (Table 20.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 20.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Complications
Summary
References
Part III: Facial and Cervical Nerve Entrapments
Introduction
References
21: Supraorbital Nerve Entrapment: Face
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 21.1)
Anatomy (Table 21.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 21.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Injections
Fluoroscopy-Guided Injections
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Neurolysis/Surgery
Cryoneuroablation
Radio-frequency Lesioning
Chemical Neurolysis
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Surgery
Complications
Summary
References
22: Infraorbital Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 22.1)
Anatomy (Table 22.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 22.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopic-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Neurolytic/Surgical Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Chemical Neurolysis
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Surgical Techniques
Complications
Summary
References
23: Maxillary Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Anatomy (Table 23.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnoses (Table 23.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Extraoral Landmark-Guided Approach
Intraoral Landmark-Guided Approach
Oblique Intraoral Approach
Pterygomaxillary Intraoral Approach
Posterior Palatinal Intraoral Approach
Fluoroscopy-Guided Injection
Ultrasound-Guided Injection
Infraorbital Injection
Sphenopalatine Approach
Trigeminal Approach
Neurolytic/Surgical Treatments
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Chemical Neurolytic Procedures
Surgery
Microvascular Decompression
Open Trigeminal Rhizotomy
Percutaneous Procedures
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Trigeminal Gangliolysis (PRTG)
Percutaneous Balloon Microcompression (PBM)
Summary of Neurolytic Techniques
Complications
Summary
References
24: Mandibular Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 24.1)
Anatomy (Table 24.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 24.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Extraoral Approach
Intraoral Approach
Fluoroscopic-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique (US)
Neurolytic/Surgical Treatments
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning (RF)
Chemical Neurolytic Procedures
Percutaneous Procedures
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Trigeminal Gangliolysis (PRTG)
Percutaneous Balloon Microcompression (PBM)
Surgery
Microvascular Decompression
Open Trigeminal Rhizotomy
Summary of Neurolytic and Surgical Techniques
Complications
Summary
References
25: Mental Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 25.1)
Anatomy (Table 25.2)
Pathophysiology
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 25.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopic-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Neurolytic/Surgical Techniques
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Chemical Neurolysis
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Complications
Summary
References
26: Glossopharyngeal Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 26.1)
Anatomy (Table 26.3)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 26.4)
Trigeminal Neuralgia/Tongue Pain
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique (US)
CT-Guided Technique
Neurolytic Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Pulsed Radiofrequency Lesioning
Alcohol, Phenol, and Glycerol
Surgical Techniques
Complications
Summary
References
Part IV: Chest Wall Peripheral Nerve Entrapment Syndromes
Introduction
Reference
27: Spinal Accessory Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 27.1)
Anatomy (Table 27.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 27.3)
Diagnostic Tests (Table 27.6)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique and Results
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Neurolytic/Surgical Techniques
Cryoneuroablation/Radiofrequency Lesioning
Chemical Neurolysis
Surgical Techniques
Complications
Summary
References
28: Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment: Shoulder
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 28.1)
Anatomy (Table 28.2)
Entrapment
Physical Examination
Differential Diagnosis (Table 28.3)
Diagnostic Studies (Tables 28.4 and 28.5)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Techniques
Landmark-Guided Injection Technique
Fluoroscopic-Guided Injection Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Injection Technique (US)
CT Guided Injection
Neurolytic/Surgical Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Neuromodulation
Surgery
Complications
Summary
References
29: Intercostal Nerve Entrapment: Chest Wall
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 29.1)
Anatomy (Table 29.2)
Causes of Intercostal Neuralgia
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 29.4)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Intercostal Nerve Block Techniques
Landmark-Guided Injection
Fluoroscopic-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Neurolytic/Surgical Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radio-frequency Lesioning
Chemical Neurolysis
Neuromodulation
Spinal Cord Stimulation
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation
Long-Term Epidural Nerve Catheter
Surgical Decompression/Neurectomy
Complications
Summary
References
30: Long Thoracic Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 30.1)
Anatomy (Table 30.2)
Entrapment (Table 30.3)
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 30.5)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Injection
Fluoroscopic-Guided Injections
Ultrasound-Guided Injections
Neurolytic Techniques
Cryoneuroablation/Radio-frequency Lesioning
Alcohol/Phenol
Surgical Treatment
Summary
References
31: Axillary Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 31.1)
Anatomy (Table 31.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis quadrilateral (Table 31.3)
Diagnostic Tests (Table 31.5)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Injection
Fluoroscopy
Ultrasound-Guided Injection
Neurolytic Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Neurostimulation
Surgical Technique
Complications
Summary
References
32: Dorsal Scapular Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 32.1)
Anatomy (Table 32.2)
Entrapment
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 32.4)
Diagnostic Tests (Table 32.5)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Injection
Fluoroscopy-Guided Injections
Ultrasound-Guided Injections
Neurolytic Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Alcohol/Phenol
Botulinum Toxin
Surgery
Stimulation
Complications
Summary
References
Part V: Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Entrapments
Introduction
Reference
33: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Neurogenic)
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 33.1)
Anatomy (Table 33.3)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 33.4)
Diagnostic Tests for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Table 33.5)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopic-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Neurostimulation
Neurolytic/Surgical Technique
Complications
Summary
References
34: Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment: Upper Extremity
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 34.1)
Anatomy (Table 34.2)
Entrapment
Physical Examination
Differential Diagnosis (Table 34.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Techniques
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopic-Guided Injection Technique
Ultrasonography (US): Guided Technique
CT-Guided Injection
Neurolytic Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Neurostimulation
Surgical Technique
Complications
Summary
References
35: Deep Branch of the Radial Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 35.1)
Anatomy (Table 35.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Radial Tunnel Syndrome
Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome
Differential Diagnosis (Table 35.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopic-Guided Technique
Ultrasound (US)-Guided Technique
Surgical Treatment
Complications
References
36: Superficial Radial Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 36.1)
Anatomy (Table 36.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 36.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Neurolytic/Surgical Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radio-frequency Lesioning
Surgery
Complications
Summary
References
37: Median Nerve Entrapments
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Tables 37.1 and 37.2)
Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome (AINS)
Pronator Teres Syndrome
Ligament of Struthers Syndrome
Lacertus Tunnel Syndrome
Proximal Median Nerve Entrapment (PMNE)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
Anatomy (Table 37.3)
Entrapment
Proximal Median Nerve Entrapment (PMNE)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Tables 37.4 and 37.5)
Diagnostic Tests (Table 37.6)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
US-Guided Hydrodissection Technique
Neurolysis/Surgical Technique
Carpal Tunnel Release
Proximal Median Nerve Release
Complications
Summary
References
38: Ulnar Nerve Entrapment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Tables 38.1 and 38.2)
Anatomy (Table 38.3)
Entrapment
Elbow
Forearm and Wrist
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Tables 38.4, 38.5, 38.6, and 38.7)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Techniques
Landmark-Guided Technique
Elbow
Wrist
Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Elbow
Wrist
Neurolytic Technique
Cryoneuroablation/Radiofrequency Lesioning
Surgical Technique
Complications
Summary
References
Part VI: Abdominal Wall Pain
Introduction
References
39: Intercostal Nerve Entrapment: Abdomen
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 39.1)
Anatomy (Table 39.2)
Causes of Intercostal Neuralgia
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 39.4)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Intercostal Nerve Block Techniques
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopic-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Neurolytic Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Chemical Neurolysis
Neuromodulation
Surgical Decompression/Neurectomy
Complications
Summary
References
40: Ilioinguinal and Iliohypogastric Nerve Entrapment: Abdominal
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 40.1)
Anatomy (Table 40.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 40.4)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopic-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Directed Hydrodissection
Neurolytic Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Neurolytic Injections
Radiofrequency Lesioning
Neurostimulation
Surgical Technique
Complications
Summary
References
41: Genitofemoral Nerve Entrapment: Abdominal
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 41.1)
Anatomy (Table 41.2)
Entrapment
Physical Examination
Differential Diagnosis (Table 41.3)
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Technique
Landmark-Guided Technique
Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Injection
CT-Guided Injection
Neurolytic/Surgical Technique
Cryoneuroablation
Radio-Frequency Lesioning
Phenol
Neurostimulation
Surgery
Complications
Summary
References
42: Abdominal Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome
Introduction
Clinical Presentation (Table 42.1)
Anatomy (Table 42.2)
Entrapment
Physical Exam
Differential Diagnosis (Table 42.4)
Diagnostic Tests (Table 42.6)
Ultrasound
CT or MR Imaging
Identification and Treatment of Contributing Factors
Injection Techniques
Landmark-Guided Technique
Ultrasound-Guided Technique
Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block
Scar Injection (Neural Therapy)
Fluoroscopic-Guided Technique
Neurolytic/Surgical Techniques
Cryoneuroablation
Radiofrequency Neuroablation
Chemodenervation
Neuromodulation (See Chap. 9)
Surgical Resection
Complications
Summary
References

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Tags: Peripheral Nerve, Entrapments, Clinical Diagnosis, Management, Andrea Trescot