Research methods in clinical psychology an introduction for students and practitioners 3rd Edition by Chris Barker, Nancy Pistrang, Robert Elliott ISBN 9781118786536 111878653X

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ISBN 10: 111878653X
ISBN 13: 9781118786536
Author: Chris Barker, Nancy Pistrang, Robert Elliott

Research methods in clinical psychology an introduction for students and practitioners 3rd Edition Table of contents:

1 Introduction: The Research Process

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

The Research Process

2 Perspectives on Research

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES

What is Research?

Figure 2.1 The research cycle

Definition of “Research”

Epistemology

Realism and Constructionism

Pure and Applied Research

What is Science?

Key points:

Induction

Deduction and Falsification

Abduction

Paradigms and Scientific Revolutions

Social and Political Issues

PROFESSIONAL ISSUES

The Intuitive Practitioner

The Scientist-Practitioner

The Applied Scientist

The Local Clinical Scientist

The Evidence-Based Practitioner

The Clinical Scientist

The Practice-Based Evidence Model

Comparison of Models

Producing versus Consuming Research

Table 2.1 Characteristics of professional models

Type of Research

Implications for Clinical Training

PERSONAL ISSUES

Why Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research?

Why Don’t Clinical Psychologists Do Research?

Weighing up the Pros and Cons of Doing Research

CHAPTER SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

3 Doing the Groundwork

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

FORMULATING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Key points:

Choosing the Topic

Developing the Questions

Hypothesis-testing versus Exploratory Research Questions

Table 3.1 Hypothesis-testing and exploratory approaches to research

The Role of Theory

Some Types of Research Question

Description

Examples:

Descriptive-comparison

Examples:

Correlation

Examples:

Causality

Examples:

Measurement

Examples:

Literature Review

Sources of Information

Systematic Reviews

Meta-analysis

Meta-synthesis

The Proposal

Outline of a research proposal

Possible timetable for a two-year student project

Consultations

Piloting

Funding

THE POLITICS OF RESEARCH IN APPLIED SETTINGS

Key points:

Access

Responding to Doubts

Authorship

CHAPTER SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

4 Foundations of Quantitative Measurement

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

THE PROCESS OF MEASUREMENT

Domains of Variables

Measuring Psychological Constructs

Measurement Sources and Approaches

Table 4.1 Examples of measures classified by source and approach

FOUNDATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS

Positivism

Methodological Behaviorism

Criticisms of Positivism

Conclusions

PSYCHOMETRIC THEORY

Key points:

Definitions

Scales of Measurement

Type of Measure

Reliability

Reliability Statistics

Nominal Scales

Table 4.2 Simplified example of a two-way classification table

Ordinal and Interval Scales

Dimensionality

Validity

Content Validity

Face Validity

Criterion Validity

Table 4.3 Possible results of a binary diagnostic test for depression

Construct Validity

Generalizability Theory

Table 4.4 How reliability and validity involve generalizing across measurement facets

Item Response Theory

Utility

Standards for Reliability and Validity

Table 4.5 Suggested reliability and validity standards

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

5 Foundations of Qualitative Methods

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

Advantages

Historical Background

PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND

Phenomenology

Assumptions

Conclusion

Social Constructionism

Social constructionism versus constructivism—what’s the difference?

Postmodernism

Critiques of Postmodernism

Conclusion

FAMILIES OF QUALITATIVE APPROACHES

Thematic Analysis Approaches

Content Analysis

Framework Approach

Grounded Theory

Consensual Qualitative Research

Empirical Phenomenology

Hermeneutic Approaches

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Generic Thematic Analysis

Narrative Approaches

Narrative Analysis

Life History Research

Language-Based Approaches

Discourse Analysis

Conversation Analysis

Deconstructionism

Ethnographic Approaches

WAYS OF EVALUATING QUALITATIVE STUDIES

Table 5.1 Summary of Elliott et al.’s (1999) evolving guidelines

CONCLUSION: CHOOSING AND COMBINING METHODS

CHAPTER SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

6 Self-Report Methods

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

Advantages and Disadvantages

Terminology

Mode of Administration

Open-ended and Closed-ended Questions

QUALITATIVE SELF-REPORT METHODS

Types of Qualitative Interview

Interview Schedule

Sample Interview Schedule

Excerpt of interview schedule for peer supporters of women with gynecological cancer (Women Helping Women project: Pistrang et al., 2013)

Interviewing Style

Specific Qualitative Interviewing Skills

Tracking the Respondent’s Answers

Sample Interview

Part of an interview transcript of a peer supporter of a woman with gynecological cancer (Women Helping Women project: Pistrang et al., 2013)

QUANTITATIVE SELF-REPORT METHODS

Steps in Measure Development

Questionnaire Design

Topic Coverage and Sequence

Item Wording

Constructing the Response Scale

Figure 6.1 Examples of anchor words for Likert scales

Response Sets

Assembling the Questionnaire and Looking Ahead

Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Self-report Methods

CHAPTER SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

7 Observation

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

Advantages and Disadvantages

Qualitative and Quantitative Observation

QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION

Participant Observation

Research Questions

Pragmatics

Field Notes

Ethical Issues

Quality of the Data

Text-based Research

Sources of Texts

Examples

QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION

Background

Procedures for Conducting Observations

Operational Definitions

Table 7.1 Five dimensions of observed behavioral process

Methods of Observation

Mechanics

Reliability and Validity Issues

Practical Suggestions for Working with Raters

CHAPTER SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

8 Foundations of Design

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

NONEXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

Descriptive Designs

Correlational Designs

Correlation and Causation

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

Terminology

Example of a clinical trial: Dimidjian et al. (2006)

Cook and Campbell’s Validity Analysis

Table 8.1 Four validity types (Cook & Campbell, 1979)

Cook and Campbell’s Classification of Research Designs

Nonrandomized Designs

One-group Posttest-only Design

One-group Pretest–Posttest Design

Nonequivalent Groups Posttest-only Design

Example of a nonequivalent groups posttest-only design: the consumer reports study

Nonequivalent Groups Pretest–posttest Design

Interrupted Time-Series Design

Randomized Designs

Control and Comparison Groups

Limitations of Randomized Designs

Evaluating RCTs

Conclusion: Choosing a Research Design

CHAPTER SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

9 Small-N Designs

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

Historical Background

Historical traditions of small-N research:

SINGLE-CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

Procedure

Figure 9.1 The AB design

Common single-case designs:

AB Design

Figure 9.2 The ABAB design

Reversal (or ABAB) Design

Figure 9.3 The multiple-baseline design

Multiple-baseline Design

Figure 9.4 The changing-criterion design

Changing-Criterion Design

Data Analysis

Generalization

NATURALISTIC CASE-STUDY DESIGNS

Narrative Case Studies

Uses of narrative case studies:

Self-experiment on narrative distortion

Systematic Case Studies

Example of a systematic case study: “The anxious executive” (Parry et al., 1986)

Demonstrating that Change Occurred

Linking Change to the Therapy

Evaluating Alternative Explanations

Examining Therapy Process

Time-Series Designs

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

10 The Participants: Sampling and Ethics

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

SAMPLING

Figure 10.1 The universe, the target population, and the sample

Generalizability

The Target Population

Bias and Representativeness

Sample Size

Statistical Power Analysis

Table 10.1 Estimated sample sizes for t-tests

Table 10.2 Estimated sample sizes for correlations

Alternative Approaches to Sampling and Generalizability

Generalizability through Replication

Bayesian Approach

Falsificationist Approach

Networking or Snowballing

Purposive Sampling

Theoretical Sampling

Internet Sampling

Summary and Conclusion

ETHICAL ISSUES

Informed Consent

Full Information

Freedom of Choice

Informed Consent Form

Harms and Benefits

Withholding of Benefit in Clinical Trials

Privacy and Confidentiality

Ethics Self-study Exercise

Ethics Committees

CHAPTER SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

11 Evaluation Research

KEY POINTS IN THE CHAPTER

What is Evaluation?

Types of Evaluation

Evaluation, Audit, and Quality Assurance

Figure 11.1 The audit cycle

The Sociopolitical Context

Internal versus External Evaluation

What Stakeholders Want from Evaluation

PREPARATION FOR EVALUATING A SERVICE

Six preparatory steps for evaluating a service:

Aims and Objectives

Aims and objectives:

The Impact Model

The Target Population

Figure 11.2 The impact model

Estimating the Extent of the Target Problem in the Target Population

Needs Assessment

Figure 11.3 Need, demand, and supply: influences and overlaps.

Delivery System Design

MONITORING THE PROCESS OF SERVICE DELIVERY

Monitoring the process of service delivery:

Coverage and Bias

Assessing Coverage

Service Implementation

OUTCOME EVALUATION

Client Satisfaction Surveys

Patient-focused Research and Outcomes Management

Cost-effectiveness

CHAPTER SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

12 Analysis, Interpretation, and Dissemination

KEY POINTS IN THIS CHAPTER

QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

Within-case and Cross-case Analysis

Preliminaries to Qualitative Data Analysis

Data Preparation

Guidelines for transcribing qualitative interviews

Immersion

Processes in Qualitative Data Analysis

Identifying Meaning

Categorizing

Integrating

Good Practice in Qualitative Analysis

QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

Steps in quantitative analysis:

Data Entry

Data Checking

Data Reduction

Data Exploration

Statistical Significance Testing for Answering the Research Questions

Analyzing the Strength and Significance of Quantitative Effects

Statistical Conclusion Validity

Statistical Significance

Effect Sizes

Clinical Significance

Figure 12.1 Three criteria for clinical significance.

INTERPRETATION

Interpretation is the subject of the Discussion section of a research report and involves:

Contributions to Knowledge: Understanding the Meaning of the Findings

“The facts are friendly”

Methodological Issues: Strengths and Limitations of the Study

External Validity

Replication

Scientific and Practical Implications

Scientific Implications

Practical Implications

DISSEMINATION

Writing up

Writing Style

George Orwell’s parody of psychological writing.

Publication

Authorship Issues

Utilization

THE END

CHAPTER SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

13 Epilogue

Methodological Pluralism

Appraising Research

Criteria for evaluating research

Combining Research with Practice

Some Images of Research

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

Back Matter

References

Author Index

Subject Index

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