Superconductors in the Power Grid Materials and Applications Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy 1st Edition by Rey 9781782420293 1782420290

Part One. Fundamentals and materials

1. The power grid and the impact of high-temperature superconductor technology: an overview

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Overview of the electric power grid

1.3. Elements of the electric power grid

1.4. Superconductivity

1.5. Status and prospects of superconductor power equipment

1.6. Conclusion and future trends

2. Fundamentals of superconductivity

2.1. History

2.2. Meissner effect

2.3. London equations and magnetic penetration depth

2.4. Critical currents in type I superconductors

2.5. Magnetization in type I superconductors

2.6. Intermediate state

2.7. Coherence length

2.8. Type II superconductors

2.9. The mixed state: Hc1 and Hc2

2.10. Reversible magnetization in type II superconductors

2.11. Critical currents and irreversible magnetic properties of type II superconductors

2.12. Entropy and free energy

2.13. Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) theory

2.14. Low-temperature metallic superconductors (LTS): NbTi, Nb3Sn, and MgB2

2.15. High-temperature superconductivity

2.16. Comparison of HTS to LTS properties and summary of fundamental parameters

2.17. Practical superconductors

3. Bismuth-based oxide (BSCCO) high-temperature superconducting wires for power grid applications: properties and fabrication

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Properties of bismuth-based oxide (BSCCO)

3.3. Fabrication of BSCCO superconducting cables and wires

3.4. Applications of BSCCO superconducting cables and wires

3.5. Future trends

4. Second-generation (2G) coated high-temperature superconducting cables and wires for power grid applications

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Second-generation (2G) materials and wire design

4.3. 2G wire fabrication approaches

4.4. 2G manufacturers and wire properties

4.5. Applications (brief review of major applications for 2G wire)

4.6. Conclusion and future trends

4.7. Sources of further information and advice

Part Two. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) cable technology

5. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) AC cables for power grid applications

5.1. Introduction

5.2. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) AC cable design

5.3. AC loss of HTS cables

5.4. Terminations

5.5. Cryogenic refrigeration systems for HTS AC cables

5.6. Principles of fault-current-limiting HTS AC cables

5.7. Inductance and capacitance

5.8. Some major HTS AC cable projects

5.9. Conclusion: commercial prospects for HTS AC cable

6. Using superconducting DC cables to improve the efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) networks: an overview

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Superconducting cable systems: key elements

6.3. Superconducting materials

6.4. Cable conductors and electrical insulation

6.5. Cable cryostat

6.6. Cable terminations and joints

6.7. Cryogenic machine

6.8. DC superconductive cable system configurations

6.9. Power dissipation sources in the superconducting system

6.10. Power losses from AC ripples

6.11. Comparing power dissipation in a DC superconducting system to a conventional system

6.12. Opportunities for DC Superconducting Cables

6.13. Conclusions

7. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables cooled by helium gas

7.1. History of superconducting cables

7.2. Introduction to GHe-cooled superconducting cables

7.3. Potential applications of GHe cables

7.4. Technical issues pertinent to GHe-cooled high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables

7.5. Dielectric design aspects of helium gas-cooled HTS cables

7.6. Design aspects for GHe-cooled HTS cable terminations

7.7. Cryogenic helium circulation systems

7.8. Ongoing GHe-cooled HTS cable projects

7.9. Summary

8. High-temperature superconducting cable cooling systems for power grid applications

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Thermal loads

8.3. Topology of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cable cooling circuits

8.4. Coolant selection

8.5. Refrigeration system overview

8.6. Types of refrigeration systems

8.7. Recent installations

8.8. Future trends

8.9. Conclusions

Part Three. Applications

9. High-temperature superconducting fault current limiters (FCLs) for power grid applications

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Utility requirements for fault-current-limiting parameters

9.3. Designs and operation principles of various types of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs)

9.4. Status of fault current limiters development and implementation

9.5. Comparison of different fault current limiters

9.6. Applicability of superconducting fault current limiters in power systems

9.7. Future trends

9.8. Sources of further information

10. High-temperature superconducting motors and generators for power grid applications

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Principles of superconducting (SC) motors and generators

10.3. Types of SC motors and generators

10.4. Prototypes built to date

10.5. SC wire and cryorefrigeration requirements

10.6. Conclusion and future trends

11. High-temperature superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for power grid applications

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Construction of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES): maximising energy storage and minimising cost

11.3. Materials

11.4. Competing technologies

11.5. Markets

11.6. Future developments

12. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) transformers for power grid applications

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Transformers and the electricity grid

12.3. A brief history of superconducting transformers

12.4. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) transformers – general principles

12.5. AC loss in transformer windings

12.6. Cryogenic systems for HTS transformers

12.7. Challenges for HTS transformers

12.8. The HTS transformer value proposition – total cost of ownership (TCO)

12.9. Conclusions

13. Implementing high-temperature superconductors for the power grid in practice: the case of China

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Research and development of superconductors in power in China

13.3. The 10 kV superconducting power substation in Baiyin City, Gansu Province

13.4. Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) and the 360 m/10 kA superconducting DC power cable (Xiao et al., 2012b; Xin et al., 2010, 2013)

13.5. Superconducting magnetic energy storage

13.6. Future trends

13.7. Sources of further information and advice