Surgery of the autonomic nervous system 1st Edition by Jonathan Hyam, Erlick Pereira, Alexander Green ISBN 0191509892 9780191509896

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ISBN 10:      0191509892
ISBN 13: 978-0191509896
Author:      Jonathan A. Hyam, Erlick A. C. Pereira, Alexander L. Green

Surgery of the autonomic nervous system 1st Table of contents:

1. Neural Control of the Heart and Cardiovascular System

   • Introduction
   • Central and Intra-Thoracic Cardiovascular Autonomic Architecture
   • Central Autonomic Network
   • Cortical Control of the Cardiovascular System
   • Subcortical Control of the Cardiovascular System
   • Medullary Control of the Cardiovascular System
   • Sympathetic Efferents
   • Neural Determinants of Cardiovascular Performance
   • Baroreceptor Reflex
   • Chemoreceptor Reflex
   • Feedback and Feedforward Pathways Associated with Exercise
   • Central Command
   • Exercise Pressor Reflex
   • Mechanisms Associated with Behaviour
   • Conclusions
   • References

2. Baroreceptor Activation Therapy: A Surgical Approach to the Treatment of Hypertension

   • Introduction
   • Pathophysiological Aspects of Essential Hypertension
   • Baroreceptor Function in Hypertension
   • Electrical Stimulation of the Baroreflex
   • Early Experiments in Animals
   • Early Experiments in Humans
   • Recent Developments
   • Acute Effects of the Rheos System in Humans
   • Chronic Effects of the Rheos System in Humans
   • Baroreceptor Activation Therapy and Target Organ Damage
   • Future Developments
   • Conclusions
   • References

3. Deep-Brain Stimulation and Blood Pressure Disorders

   • Introduction
   • The Technique of Deep-Brain Stimulation
   • Brain Stimulation and Blood Pressure
   • Why the PAG is Important—Using the Opportunity of DBS
   • What are the Mechanisms of the BP Changes?
   • What are the Underlying Central Nervous System Mechanisms?
   • Dorsal Versus Ventral Electrodes
   • What is the Likelihood that DBS Will be Used to Treat BP Related Conditions?
   • Other Brain Areas and Other Systems Involved in Autonomic Control
     • The Respiratory System
     • Gastrointestinal System
     • Urinary System
     • Pedunculopontine Nucleus Region
   • Conclusions
   • References

4. Lateral Medullary Decompression for Essential Hypertension

   • Introduction
   • Why Do We Need Arterial Blood Pressure Anyway?
   • The Sympathetic System in Neurogenic Hypertension
   • Is There an Inflammatory Role in the Origin or Maintenance of Neurogenic Hypertension?
   • Neurogenic Hypertension—Where is it Broken?
   • Neurogenic Hypertension—the Clinical Phase
   • Conclusions
   • References

5. Device-Based Approaches to Target Renal Sympathetic Nerves for Hypertension

   • Introduction
   • Therapeutic Targeting of Sympathetic Nerves: A Brief Historical Overview
   • Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Control
   • The Specific Role of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Hypertension
   • Recent Surgical and Device-Based Approaches to Target SNS Overactivity
     • Surgical Intracranial Neurovascular Depression
     • Devices for Regulating Breathing
     • Deep-Brain Stimulation
     • Stimulation of the Arterial Baroreceptor with an Implantable Device
     • Transcatheter Renal Nerve Ablation
   • Renal Nerve Ablation as Treatment for Drug-Resistant Hypertension
     • Symplicity HTN-1, HTN-2, HTN-3 Trials
   • Potential Future Indications for Renal Nerve Ablation
     • Insulin Resistance
     • Congestive Heart Failure
     • Chronic and End-Stage Renal Failure
     • Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
     • Atrial Fibrillation
   • Alternative Approaches to Achieve Renal Denervation
     • Saline-Irrigated Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters
     • Intra-Vascular Ultrasound Catheters
     • Peri-Vascular Pharmacologic Ablation
   • Conclusions
   • References

6. Evolution and Developments in Autonomic Control of the Heart I: The Neurocardiac Axis

   • Introduction
   • Historical and Evolutionary Concepts on the Role of the Nervous System on Cardiac Performance
   • Pertinent Anatomy and Physiology (Including Humoral Control) of Afferent and Efferent Autonomic Nervous System in Cardiac Functioning
   • Cardiac Autonomic Nerves
   • Afferent Cardiac Nerves
   • Overview of Experimental Models of Neural Hierarchy in Ischaemic Heart Disease
   • The Emerging Function of the Nervous System in the Development of Atherosclerosis
   • Atherosclerotic Disease and Nervous Pathways
   • Pathophysiology of the Nervous System and the Heart
   • Angina and Ischaemic Heart: Defining the Problem of Atherosclerotic Diseases
     • Chronic Refractory Angina
     • Acute Coronary Syndromes
     • Arrhythmias
     • Heart Failure

7. Evolution and Developments in Autonomic Control of the Heart II: Therapeutic Interventions

   • Introduction
   • Historical Perspective of Neuromodulation for Cardiac Diseases
   • Surgery of the Autonomic System
   • Modulation of the Autonomic System
   • Rationale for Target Selection and Approach of Modulation of the Nervous System in Cardiac Diseases
   • Accepted and Emerging Cardiac Indications for Electrical Neuromodulation
     • Angina, Heart Failure, and Arrhythmias
   • Technical Details of Neurostimulation Procedures
   • Outcomes of Spinal Cord Stimulation on Cardiac Diseases
     • Chronic Angina Refractory to Standard Therapies
     • Acute Coronary Syndromes
     • Heart Failure
     • Arrhythmias
   • Screening Tools for Patients
   • Efficacy, Safety, and Mechanisms of Action
   • The Future of Integrative Approaches on Interfaces Between Heart and Nervous System
   • Conclusions
   • References

8. Periarterial Sympathectomy in the Treatment of Upper Extremity Peripheral Vascular Disease

   • Introduction
   • History of Periarterial Sympathectomy
   • Current Principles of Periarterial Sympathectomy
   • Pathophysiology
   • Patient Selection and Technique
   • Outcome
   • Conclusions
   • References

9. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I: Mechanisms

   • Historical Perspective
   • Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease Pathophysiology
   • The Nociceptive Pathway
   • How Does SCS Work?
   • Local Neurochemistry
     • Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
     • Serotonin
     • Acetylcholine (ACh) and Noradrenaline
   • Disease Pathology of CRPS
   • Treatment Overview
   • Sympathetic Nervous System and SCS
   • The Future of SCS in CRPS
   • Conclusions
   • References

10. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome II: Clinical Applications

• Introduction
• Rationale for Target Selection and Approach
• Target Levels and Postural Effects
• SCS Systems
• Indications and Patient Selection Criteria
• Implant Procedure Details
• Review of Clinical Outcomes
• Complications and Conclusions
• References

11. Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias I: Peripheral Neuromodulation

• Introduction
• Pathophysiology and Trigeminal Autonomic Reflex
• Occipital Nerve Stimulation (ONS)
  • Anatomy, Operative Techniques, and Evidence for Efficacy
  • Chronic Cluster Headache and SUNCT
• Sphenopalatine Ganglion Stimulation
• Safety and Mechanism of Action
• Conclusions
• References

12. Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias II: Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Posterior Hypothalamus

• Introduction
• Anatomy and Physiology of the Posterior Hypothalamus
• Surgical Methodology of DBS for Cluster Headache
• Long-Term Results of Posterior Hypothalamic Stimulation
• Conclusions
• References

13. The Central Nervous System in Control of Continence and Sexual Functions

• Micturition
• Defecation
• Ejaculation
• Parturition
• Conclusions
• References

14. Pudendal Nerve Stimulation

• Introduction
• Anatomy and Mechanism of Pudendal Nerve Stimulation
• Clinical Results and Other Indications
• Conclusions
• References

15. Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction

• Introduction and Indications
• Mechanism of Action and Clinical Results
• Follow-up and Adverse Events

16. Neuromodulation for Faecal Incontinence and Constipation

• Introduction and Role of Neuromodulation
• Sacral Nerve Stimulation
• Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation
• Pudendal Nerve Stimulation
• Clinical Outcomes
• Conclusions
• References

17. Gastric Stimulation for Obesity and Gastroparesis

• Introduction and Mechanisms of Gastric Electrical Stimulation
• Clinical Experience and Future Directions

18. Hyperhidrosis: Pathophysiology and Available Therapies

• Introduction, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
• Medical and Surgical Therapies
• Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy
• Conclusions
• References

19. Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Epilepsy I: History, Physiology, and Mechanisms

• Introduction and Evidence Supporting Use in Epilepsy
• Mechanisms of Action
• Areas of Controversy
• Summary

20. Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Epilepsy II: Procedure, Evidence, and Adverse Events

• Introduction, Patient Selection, and Procedure
• Adverse Effects and Follow-up Care
• Complications and Conclusions

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