The emergence of routines entrepreneurship organization and business history 1st Edition by Daniel MG Raff, Philip Scranton 0191091728 9780191091728

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ISBN-10 :  0191091728 

ISBN-13 : 9780191091728

Author:  Daniel M.G. Raff, Philip Scranton 

This book is a collection of essays about the emergence of routines and, more generally, about getting things organized in firms and in industries in early stages and in transition. These are subjects of the greatest interest to students of entrepreneurship and organizations, as well as to business historians, but the academic literature is thin. The chronological settings of the book’s eleven substantive chapters are historical, reaching as far back as the late 1800s right up to the 1990s, but the issues they raise are evergreen and the historical perspective is exploited to advantage. The chapters are organized in three broad groups: examining the emergence of order and routines in initiatives, studying the same subject in ongoing operations, and a third focusing specifically on the phenomena of transition. The topics range from the Book-of-the-Month Club to industrial research at Alcoa, from the evolution of procurement and coordination to project-based industries such as bridge- and dam-building and the governance of defence contracting, and from the development of project performance appraisal at the World Bank to the way the global automobile industry collectively redesigned the internal combustion engine to deal with after the advent of environmental regulation. The chapters are vivid and thought-provoking in themselves and, for pedagogical purposes, offer excellent jumping-off points for discussion of relevant experiences and cognate academic literature.

The emergence of routines : entrepreneurship, organization, and business history 1st Table of contents:

Part I. Initiatives
1. The Book-of-the-Month Club as a New Enterprise
Introduction
The Principal Actor
The Most Apparent Opportunity
The Industry: The Status Quo Ante of 1926
Getting Started and Settling In: The Importance of (Certain Particular) Routines
The Deeper Opportunity and the Strategic Value of (Other Related) Routines
The Depression and War Years, the IPO, and a 1947 Valuation
Conclusion
2. Capitalist Routine, Organizational Routines, and the Routinization of Research and Development at Alcoa
Facing the Downturn
The Aluminum Industry Emerges
Early Production Routines: Experience Based and Science Based
The Professionals: Overwhelmed
The Research Committee and the Technical Department
The Technical Department and Its Achievements
A Model Research Program at Lynite Laboratories
Integrating Research
Aluminum Research Laboratory: Built at Last!
The Research Committee (1931–7)
Antitrust Reversals
The Verdict and Its Consequences
Same Structure, Different Strategy
Conclusion
3. The Global in the 1980s and 1990s: Liquid Modernity, Routines, and the Case of Motorola’s Iridium Satellite Communications Venture
Overview of Iridium_ The Global and the Engineers
The Global as a Problem in Culture
Motorola University: Engineering Practice and the Global Condition
Workplace Practices in Iridium
Conclusion
4. The Dynamic Interplay between Standards and Routines: Lessons from Industry and Government
Introduction
Standardization: Static and Dynamic
Organizations, Routines, and Standards
Standardization in the Modern Bell System
Standardization in the Environment Protection Agency
Conclusions
Part II. Operations
5. Ford Motor Company’s Lost Chapter: Purchasing Routine and the Advent of Mass Production
Outside the History of Ford as We Know It: Standardization in the Factory Office
Stalled Professionalization and Status Conflict in the Purchasing Office
Conclusions
6. Heuristics, Specifications, and Routines in Building Long-Span Railway Bridges on the Western Rivers, 1865–80
Long-Span Bridges and the American Railway Network
Specifications and Routines for the Early Long-Span Bridges
A Fresh Start in the St. Louis Bridge
Failures and a Restart
Postscripts and Significance
7. Rules of the Game: Dam Building and Regulation in California, 1910–30
The “Psychology” of Dams
Design Routines
California’s 1917 Dam Safety Law
The St. Francis Dam Disaster
Conclusion
8. Instruments of Change: Contract Regulations as a Source of Flexibility in Defense Procurement, 1942–72
Emergence of Local Routines
Negotiating a Truce
Managing Research under the Truce
Failed Efforts to Renegotiate
Outside Scrutiny of Independent Research and Development
Changing the Rules
Conclusion
Part III. Transitions
9. The End of Judgment: Consumer Credit Scoring and Managerial Resistance to the Black Boxing of Creditworthiness
Consumer Credit Management in Historical Perspective
Character and the Routinization of the Credit Interview
Credit Scoring and the Quantification of Creditworthiness
Automation and the Revolt of the Credit Managers
Black-Boxed Equality and the Persistence of Character
10. Devising Routines for Project Appraisal at the World Bank, 1945–75
False Start: Albert Hirschman and the World Bank on Project Appraisal
The First Nucleus of Operations Evaluation at the World Bank, 1968–71
The Expansion of Operations Evaluation, 1972–5
Routines, Evaluation, and Development Knowledge
11. Routines for Innovation: Problem-Oriented Knowledge Communities and the Production of Clean Combustion
The Problem Set of Clean Combustion
Variable Valve Timing Technologies
Electronic Fuel Injection and Gasoline Direct Injection
Innovating Clean Combustion
A Coda to the Problem of Clean Combustion: Volkswagen’s 2015 Deception
Conclusion: Learning from History

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