The Waterside Ape An Alternative Account of Human Evolution 1st edition by Peter Rhys Evans ISBN 0429627777 9780429627774

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Product details:

ISBN 10:      0429627777
ISBN 13: 978- 0429627774
Author:     Peter H Rhys Evans

hy are humans so fond of water?

Why is our skin colour so variable?

Why aren’t we hairy like our close ape relatives?

A savannah scenario of human evolution has been widely accepted primarily due to fossil evidence; and fossils do not offer insight into these questions. Other alternative evolutionary scenarios might, but these models have been rejected. This book explores a controversial idea – that human evolution was intimately associated with watery habitats as much or more than typical savannahs. Written from a medical point of view, the author presents evidence supporting a credible alternative explanation for how humans diverged from our primate ancestors. Anatomical and physiological evidence offer insight into hairlessness, different coloured skin, subcutaneous fat, large brains, a marine-type kidney, a unique heat regulation system and speech. This evidence suggests that humans may well have evolved, not just as savannah mammals, as is generally believed, but with more affinity for aquatic habitats – rivers, streams, lakes and coasts.

Key Features:

• Presents the evidence for a close association between riparian habitats and the origin of humans
• Reviews the “savannah ape” hypothesis for human origins
• Describes various anatomical adaptations that are associated with hypotheses of human evolution

• Explores characteristics from the head and neck such as skull and sinus structures, the larynx and ear structures and functions

The Waterside Ape An Alternative Account of Human Evolution 1st Table of contents:

1. Theories of Human Evolution

• Humanity’s Place in Evolution
• The Savannah Theory
• The Waterside Theory
• The Cradle of Humankind and the Influence of Climatic Change

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2. The Aquatic Debate

• What Is the Evidence?

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3. Our Genetic Heritage

• Mendel and His Experiments
• Conditions of Existence
• The Late Miocene Drought
• The Great Rift Valley

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4. Our Early Ancestors

• Early Bipedal Hominins
• Australopithecus
• Human Populations in the Pleistocene Era
• Homo habilis
• Homo erectus
• Homo heidelbergensis
• Homo floresiensis
• Homo denisova

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5. The Neanderthals and Their Demise

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6. The Waterside Ape: Why Are We So Different?

• Bipedalism
• Nakedness
• Subcutaneous Fat
• Thermo-regulation
• Big Brains

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7. The Naked Ape

• Structure and Function of the Skin
• Apocrine Glands
• Eccrine Glands
• Wrinkly Fingers
• Subcutaneous Fat
• Evolutionary Evidence for Changes in Mammalian Skin

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8. Why We Lost Our Coats: The Early Hominin Tailors

• Desmond Morris and Hominin’s ‘Christening Ceremony’
• Skin Colour, Ultraviolet Irradiation and Cutaneous Cancer
• The Significance of Hominid’s ‘Christening Ceremony’

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9. Evolutionary Adaptations in the Human Skull and Sinuses

• Evolution and Comparative Anatomy
• Maxillary Sinus
• Frontal and Sphenoidal Sinuses
• Ethmoid Sinuses
• Theories of Paranasal Sinus Function

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10. Human Skull Buoyancy and the Diving Reflex

• The Diving Reflex, Nitric Oxide and the Paranasal Sinuses
• The Nasal Valve
• The External Nose
• The Functional Role of the Nose and Sinuses in a Waterside Habitat

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11. Surfer’s Ear

• Ear Canal Bone Abnormalities
• Developmental Embryology of the Human External Ear Canal
• Evolutionary Adaptations to the Hearing Mechanism in Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Mammals
• External Ear Canal Exostoses in Modern Populations
• External Ear Exostoses in Archaeological Populations
• Ear Exostoses as a Vital Fossil ‘Missing Link’

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12. Evolution of the Human Brain

• Brain Structure
• Evolutionary Importance of Lipids

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13. Food for Thought and the Cognitive Revolution

• Fire, Food and Domestication
• Coastal Migration and Worldwide Dispersal
• The Cognitive Revolution
• Genetic Factors Contributing to Modern Brain Evolution

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14. The Human Larynx and Evolution of Voice

• The Upper Airway and Digestive Tracts
• Diving and Breath-Holding in Hominids
• Delayed Descent of the Human Larynx
• Evolutionary Changes in the Brain for Speech and Language

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15. Obstetric and Neonatal Considerations

• The Obstetric Dilemma
• Fontanelles and Skull Sutures
• Brain Size and Perinatal Considerations
• Lanugo and Fat Babies
• Vernix Caseosa
• Aquatic Adaptations of Human Babies

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16. Marine Adaptations in the Human Kidney

• The Great Rift Valley
• Hominid Kidney Adaptation to a Waterside Aquatic Habitat

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17. Scars of Evolution

• Mammalian Evolution
• Hominin Evolution
• Adaptations to Bipedalism
• Lumbar Disc and Sciatic Problems
• Vertigo, Neck Pain and Why Giraffes Don’t Get Dizzy
• Blood Pressure and Salt Regulation
• Hernias, Haemorrhoids and Prolapses
• Varicose Veins
• The Medical Consequences of Our Bipedal Heritage

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18. We Are What We Eat

• Early Hominins and the Crucial Role of Marine and Lacustrine Foods
• The Cognitive Revolution
• Agricultural Origins and the Neolithic Revolution
• The Global Food Crisis

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19. An Incredible Journey

• The Origin of Speech and Language
• The Challenge of Mental Ill Health
• Health, Population Growth, Social Inequality and Poverty

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