Thirteen Theories of Human Nature 7th edition by Leslie Stevenson,David Haberman,Peter Matthews Wright,Charlotte Witt 9780190604738 0190604735

NEW FEATURES OF THIS EDITION

Introduction: Rival Theories and Critical Assessments

RIVAL THEORIES

THE CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THEORIES

SOME BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL TOOLS

Value Judgments

Scientific Theories

Metaphysical Theories

KEY TERMS

Chapter 1. Confucianism: The Way of the Sages

THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE

THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE

DIAGNOSIS

PRESCRIPTION

LATER DEVELOPMENTS

CRITICAL DISCUSSION

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Chapter 2. Upanishadic Hinduism: Quest for Ultimate Knowledge

THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE

THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE

DIAGNOSIS

PRESCRIPTION

DIVERGENT INTERPRETATIONS

Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta

Ramanuja’s Vishishta Advaita Vedanta

CRITICAL DISCUSSION

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Chapter 3. Buddhism: In the Footsteps of the Buddha

LIFE OF BUDDHA

THEORY OF EXISTENCE

THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE

DIAGNOSIS

PRESCRIPTION

DIFFERENT PATHS

WOMEN IN BUDDHISM

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Chapter 4: Plato: The Rule of Reason

LIFE AND WORK

METAPHYSICAL BACKGROUND: THE THEORY OF FORMS

THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE: THE TRIPARTITE STRUCTURE OF THE SOUL

DIAGNOSIS: DISHARMONY IN SOUL AND SOCIETY

PRESCRIPTION: HARMONY OF SOUL THROUGH EDUCATION AND GOVERNMENT BY THE PHILOSOPHER KINGS

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Chapter 5. Aristotle: The Ideal of Human Fulfillment

LIFE AND WORK

METAPHYSICAL BACKGROUND: FORMS AS PROPERTIES AND THE FOUR CAUSES

HUMAN NATURE: THE SOUL AS A SET OF FACULTIES

IDEAL AND DIAGNOSIS: HUMAN FULFILLMENT, VIRTUES, AND VICES

PRESCRIPTION: POLITICAL EXPERTISE AND INTELLECTUAL CONTEMPLATION

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Chapter 6. The Bible: Humanity in Relation to God

THE JUDEO–CHRISTIAN CONCEPTION OF GOD

THE HEBREW VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

DIAGNOSIS: HUMAN DISOBEDIENCE

GOD’S COVENANTS AND REDEMPTION

THE NEW TESTAMENT

THE NEW TESTAMENT VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

THE NEW TESTAMENT DIAGNOSIS OF SIN

GOD’S SALVATION IN CHRIST

SPIRITUAL OR METAPHYSICAL VERSIONS OF CHRISTIANITY

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Chapter 7. Islam: The Khalifa Ideal

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

A THIRD TESTAMENT? THE QUR’AN’S RELATION TO BIBLICAL LITERATURES

METAPHYSICAL BACKGROUND: THE ISLAMIC CONCEPTION OF GOD

THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE

DIAGNOSIS

PRESCRIPTION

CONCLUDING REMARKS

FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Historical Interlude

THE MIDDLE AGES: WHAT PART DOES REASON PLAY IN FAITH?

Augustine (354–430)

The Islamic Philosophers

Aquinas (1224–1274)

THE REFORMATION: WHERE LIES THE AUTHORITY FOR FAITH?

THE RISE OF SCIENCE: HOW DOES SCIENTIFIC METHOD APPLY TO HUMAN BEINGS?

Hobbes (1588–1679)

Descartes (1596–1650)

Spinoza (1632–1677)

THE ENLIGHTENMENT: CAN SCIENCE BE OUR GUIDE TO LIFE?

Hume (1711–1776)

Rousseau (1712–1778)

KEY TERMS

Chapter 8. Kant: Reasons and Causes, Morality and Religion

LIFE AND WORK

METAPHYS ICS, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND THE LIMITS OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE:REASONS, CAUSES, AND FREE WILL

DIAGNOSIS: SELFISHNESS AND SOCIALITY

PRESCRIPTION: PURE RELIGION AND CULTURAL PROGRESS

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Chapter 9. Marx: The Economic Basis of Human Societies

LIFE AND WORK

THE MATERIALIST THEORY OF HISTORY

THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE: ECONOMICS, SOCIETY, AND CONSCIOUSNESS

DIAGNOSIS: ALIENATION AND EXPLOITATION UNDER CAPITALISM

PRESCRIPTION: REVOLUTION AND UTOPIA

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Chapter 10. Freud: The Unconscious Basis of Mind

LIFE AND WORK

METAPHYSICAL BACKGROUND: NEUROSCIENCE, DETERMINISM, AND MATERIALISM

THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE: MENTAL DETERMINISM, THE UNCONSCIOUS, DRIVES, AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT

DIAGNOSIS: MENTAL DISHARMONY, REPRESSION, AND NEUROSIS

PRESCRIPTION: PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY

CRITICAL DISCUSSION: (A) FREUD AS WOULD-BE SCIENTIST

CRITICAL DISCUSSION: (B) FREUD AS MORALIST

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Chapter 11. Sartre: Radical Freedom

LIFE AND WORK

METAPHYSICS: CONSCIOUSNESS, OBJECTS, ATHEISM

THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE: EXISTENCE AND ESSENCE, NEGATION AND FREEDOM

DIAGNOSIS: ANGUISH AND BAD FAITH, CONFLICT WITH OTHERS

PRESCRIPTION: REFLECTIVE CHOICE

AUTHENTICITY AND FREEDOM FOR EVERYONE

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Chapter 12. Darwinian Theories of Human Nature

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY, STAGE I: DARWIN AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES

Metaphysical/Scientific Background

Darwin on Natural Selection

Darwin on Human Evolution

Social Darwinism

Darwin’s Own Values

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY, STAGE II: THE REACTION AGAINST BIOLOGICAL ACCOUNTS OF HUMAN NATURE

The Genetic Basis of Heredity

Eugenics, Racism, and Sexism

The Reaction in Favor of Culture and Education: Intelligence Tests, Sociology, and Anthropology

The Reaction against Instinct Theory: Behaviorist Psychology

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY, STAGE III: THE RETURN TO INNATENESS IN HUMAN NATURE

Genes and Memes

The Rise of Ethology

Chomsky and Cognitive Psychology

Wilson and Sociobiology

Cosmides and Tooby and the Integrated Causal Model

EVOLUTIONARY THEORIZING PART IV: WHAT HOPE FOR HUMANITY?

Tree- or Bush-Shaped Evolution?

Progress in Human History?

Theism or Darwinism—or Both?

Ethical Values and Evolution

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

13. Human Nature and Feminist Theory

FEMINIST PHILOSOPHY AND FEMINISM

CONTEMPORARY HUMANIST FEMINISM

NEOHUMANIST FEMINISM AND DEHUMANIZATION

CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HUMANIST FEMINISM

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ON HUMAN NATURE AND FEMINIST THEORY

FOR FURTHER READING

KEY TERMS

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION