Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders 1st edition by Andre Brunoni 9783319339658 3319339656

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ISBN 10:3319339656
ISBN 13:9783319339658
Author:Andre Brunoni

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders 1st Table of contents:

Part I: Introduction and Mechanisms of Action

1: Historical Aspects of Transcranial Electric Stimulation

The First Clinical-Therapeutic Electrical Applications: The Electric Fish

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: From Electrostatic Machines to Volta’s Pile

The Reappraisal of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) from 1960 Onward

Concluding Remarks

References

2: The New Modalities of Transcranial Electric Stimulation: tACS, tRNS, and Other Approaches

Introduction

tACS: Intrusion with Brain Oscillation

Modulating the Activity of the Human Brain Using tACS

Using tACS on Another Way: tRNS

Other Types of Oscillatory tES: Oscillating Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (o-DCS)

Clinical Applications

Conclusions

References

3: Physiology of Transcranial Direct and Alternating Current Stimulation

Introduction

tDCS

tDCS Protocols and Effects

Current Intensity/Density

Electrode Position/Configuration/Current Direction

Stimulation Duration/Interval

tDCS Physiology

Regional Effects of tDCS

Acute Change of Cortical Excitability

Sustained Change of Cortical Excitability and Activity

Pharmacology of tDCS

tDCS Effect on Cortical Regions Other Than M1

Inter-regional Effects of tDCS

tACS

tACS Protocols and Effects

Physiological Effects of tACS

tACS Effects on Cognition and Behaviour

General Remarks

References

4: Computer-Based Models of tDCS and tACS

Overview of Computational Models of Noninvasive Neuromodulation

Methods and Protocols in the Generation of Computational Forward Models of tDCS/tACS

Pitfalls and Challenges in the Application and Interpretation of Computational Model Predictions

Use of Computational Models in Clinical Practice: Consideration for Efficacy

Use of Computational Models in Clinical Practice: Consideration for Safety

Use of Computational Models in Clinical Practice: Consideration for Individual Dose Titration

Example Results of Computational Analysis in Susceptible Populations

Conclusion

References

5: Animal Studies in the Field of Transcranial Electric Stimulation

Experimental Design of tDCS and tACS Animal Studies

Classification of Animal Studies and Relevance to Clinical Protocols

tDCS and tACS Dose

The Quasi-Uniform Assumption

Translation from Animal Studies to Clinical Applications: The Importance of Intensity

Safety Concerns

Relating Biomarkers from Animal Models to Humans

Neuronal Polarization

Polarity-Specific Effects for DCS and Implications for ACS

Quantifying Neuronal Polarization with Coupling Constants

Synaptic Plasticity

Network Effects

tDCS and Oscillations

tACS and Oscillations

Applications to Clinical Pathologies

Addiction

Alzheimer’s Disease

Chronic Stress

Prospects for Animal Research in tDCS/tACS Informing Ongoing Human Trials

References

6: Cortical Inhibition and Excitation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Using Transcranial Magnetic St

Introduction

Applications of TMS

Importance of GABA

Inhibitory TMS Paradigms

Cortical Silent Period and Long-­Interval Cortical Inhibition

Short-Interval Cortical Inhibition

Transcallosal Inhibition

Short Latency Afferent Inhibition

Excitatory TMS Paradigms

MEP Amplitude

Motor Threshold

Intracortical Facilitation

Short-Interval Intracortical Facilitation

Inhibitory Neurotransmission in Psychiatric Disorders

Inhibitory Impairments in Patients with Schizophrenia

Cortical Excitability in OCD Patients

TMS and MDD Patients

TMS in Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Clinical Implications

Use of EEG

TMS Combined with EEG

Application of Combined TMS and EEG in Psychiatric Disorders

Clinical Applications of Brain Stimulation

Repetitive TMS

Theta Burst Stimulation

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Concluding Remarks

Discussion and Conclusions

References

7: Neurocognitive Effects of tDCS in the Healthy Brain

Introduction

Effects of tDCS on Working Memory

Effects of tDCS on Attention

Effects of tDCS on Language

Effects of tDCS on Numerical Cognition

Effects of tDCS on Learning and Memory

Neurocognitive Effects of tDCS in Healthy Older Adults

Inter-individual Differences in the Context of tDCS Outcomes

Conclusions

References

8: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Social and Emotion Research

Introduction

tDCS on Emotion Studies

Emotional Memory Encoding and Retrieval

Emotional Prosody

Emotional Face Processing

Emotion Regulation

Social Pain

Fear Conditioning

Social Neuroscience

Implicit Prejudice

Social Decision-Making

Perspective Taking

Conclusions

References

9: Multimodal Association of tDCS with Electroencephalography

Introduction: A Brief Picture of the Present State of Research

Principles of Multimodal Association

Advantages of Combining tES with Other Methods

tES–EEG Technical Aspects

tDCS–EEG in Studying Cortical Excitability, Connectivity and Plasticity

Multimodal Imaging as a Diagnostic/Prognostic Tool in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Conclusions and Final Remarks

References

10: tDCS and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction

Combining tDCS and MRI

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

BOLD Functional MRI

Resting-State fMRI

tDCS Has Significant, but Somewhat Unclear, Effects on Resting Functional Connectivity

tDCS as a Potential Tool to Understand the Basis of Resting Functional Connectivity

Task-Based fMRI

Studies in Healthy Controls

Arterial Spin Labelling

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

1H-MRS

Neurochemicals of Interest

Glutamate

GABA

N-Acetylaspartate Acid and Creatine

31P-MRS

Combining tDCS with MRS

Conclusions and Future Directions

References

11: Target Engagement with Transcranial Current Stimulation

Mechanistic Insights from Animal Studies

Effect of Electric Fields on Individual Neurons

Interactions of Network Oscillations and Electric Fields

Outlasting Effects of Electric Fields

Interaction of Cellular and Network Mechanisms

Computational Models

Forward Models

Computational Neural Models

Future Directions

Effects of Weak Electric Fields on the Human Brain

Neurophysiology of tDCS in Humans

Mechanisms of tDCS in Humans

Neurophysiology of tACS in Humans

Mechanism of tACS in Humans

Probing Functional Connectivity with tES

Application of tES to Sleep Oscillations

Mechanisms of Slow Oscillations

Modulating the Slow Oscillation with Weak Electric Fields

Anesthesia as a Tool to Study Slow Oscillations

Outlook

References

12: Cerebellar and Spinal tDCS

Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Technique’s Overview and Clinical Applicatio

Transcutaneous Spinal Direct Current Stimulation: Technique’s Overview

Mechanisms of Action

Putative Mechanisms of Action at a Spinal Level

Putative Mechanisms of Action at a Supra-Spinal Level

Perspective on Clinical Studies

Why Should Psychiatrists Be Interested in Cerebellar/Spinal DC Stimulation?

References

Part II: Applications of tDCS in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

13: Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

Introduction

Technical Aspects of Using tDCS in Major Depression

Mechanisms of Action

Clinical Evidence

Open-Label Studies

Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trials

Follow-Up Studies

Meta-Analyses

Bipolar Disorder

Discussion

References

14: Schizophrenia

Introduction

Effects of Frontotemporal tDCS on Auditory Verbal Hallucinations

Effects of Frontotemporal tDCS on Other Symptoms

Predictive Markers of Response to Frontotemporal tDCS on Auditory Verbal Hallucinations

Brain Correlates of the Effects of Frontotemporal tDCS on Auditory Verbal Hallucinations

Effects of Frontal tDCS on Negative Symptoms and Other Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Brain Correlates of the Effects of Frontal tDCS on Negative Symptoms

Effects of Frontal tDCS on Other Symptoms

Effects of TDCS on Cognitive Functions

Safety of Using tDCS for Treating Schizophrenia

Optimizing tDCS Efficacy on Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Optimizing tDCS Parameters

Other Modalities of Transcranial Electric Stimulation in Schizophrenia

Combining tDCS with Other Approaches

Conclusion

References

15: OCD, Anxiety Disorders, and PTSD

Introduction

OCD

tDCS in Anxiety Disorders

tDCS in PTSD

Conclusion

References

16: Neurodegenerative Cognitive Disorders

Alzheimer’s Dementia

Lewy Bodies Dementia and Parkinson’s Disease

Conclusions and Future Directions

References

17: Impulsivity and Substance-Use Disorders

Introduction

Neural Substrates of Substance-Use Disorders

Neural Substrates of Craving

The Use of tDCS Applied to DLPFC in SUD

Tobacco-Use Disorder (TUD)

Cannabis-Use Disorders

Alcohol-Use Disorders (AUD)

Stimulant-Use Disorders

Discussion and Conclusion

References

18: Epilepsy

Introduction

Introduction: Neuromodulation in Epilepsy

tDCS in Epilepsy

Clinical Studies

Preclinical Studies

Conclusion

References

19: Pain Syndromes

Introduction

Effects and Putative Mechanisms of tDCS in Different Chronic Pain Syndromes

Fibromyalgia

Migraine Headache

Neuropathic Pains

Concluding Remarks

References

20: Stroke

Motor Recovery

Visuospatial Neglect

Aphasia

Dysphagia

Cognitive Decline

Spasticity

Post-stroke Depression

Central Post-stroke Pain

Conclusions

References

21: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Disorders of Consciousness

Introduction

Definition of Disorders of Consciousness (DOC)

Current Treatment and Limitations in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness (DOC)

tDCS in Disorders of Consciousness (DOC)

Pilot Studies

Neuronal Correlates of tDCS in DOC

tDCS as a Diagnostic Tool

Long-Term Effects

Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Part III: The Clinical Use of tDCS

22: Safety and Tolerability

Introduction

Tolerability

Common Adverse Effects

Skin Reddening

Parameters Associated with Adverse Effects

Acceptability in Clinical Trials

Safety

Serious Adverse Effects

Skin Lesions

Safety in Neuropsychiatric Samples

Functional Impairment

Contraindications

Conclusion

References

23: Home-Based tDCS: Design, Feasibility and Safety Considerations

Introduction

tDCS Suitability for Home Use

Device and Equipment Design

Patient Selection and Contraindications

Training and Credentialing

Ongoing Monitoring and Oversight

Patient Safety

Home-Based tDCS Studies

Further Approaches Using Home-�Based tDCS

References

24: Ethical Aspects of tDCS Use in Neuropsychiatry and the Risk of Misuse

Introduction: Is tDCS Hope or Hype?

The Promise of tDCS

tDCS as a Cognitive Neuroscience Tool

tDCS as a Clinical Intervention

tDCS to Enhance Normal Cognition

The Perils of tDCS

Scientific Challenges

Ethical Challenges

Safety

Justice

Character

Autonomy

Ethical Considerations Pertaining to Neuropsychiatry

Conclusion

References

25: Regulatory Aspects

Introduction

FDA Regulation of Medical Devices

tDCS in Research

tDCS in Clinical Practice

TDCS Devices

Considerations on Patient Selection

tDCS Candidates

tDCS in Pediatrics

tDCS in Pregnancy

Considerations on Application of tDCS

TDCS Experience in Other Countries

Conclusion

References

26: Clinical Research and Methodological Aspects for tDCS Research

Introduction

Clinical/Research Trial Designs

Protocol Intensity/Duration/Repetition

Methodological Aspects of Online and Offline Protocols

Blinding, Sham, and Active Control

Patient/Participant Screening

Electrodes and Contact Medium

Electrode Location

Electrode Placement

tDCS Stimulator Selection

Assessment of Safety/Adverse Events and Monitoring During Stimulation

Monitoring Functional Effects of tDCS

Concluding Remarks

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Andre Brunoni,Stimulation,Neuropsychiatric,Transcranial