Varieties of Scientific Realism Objectivity and Truth in Science 1st Edition by Evandro Agazzi 3319516080 9783319516080

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ISBN-10 :  3319516080 

ISBN-13 :  9783319516080

Author:  Evandro Agazzi 

This book offers a comprehensive update on the scientific realism debate, enabling readers to gain a novel appreciation of the role of objectivity and truth in science and to understand fully the various ways in which antirealist conceptions have been subjected to challenge over recent decades. Authoritative representatives of different philosophical traditions explain their perspectives on the meaning and validity of scientific realism and describe the strategies being adopted to counter persisting antirealist positions. The coverage extends beyond the usual discussion of realism within the context of the natural sciences, and especially physics, to encompass also its applicability in mathematics, logic, and the human sciences. The book will appeal to all with an interest in the recent realist epistemologies of science, the nature of current philosophical debate, and the ongoing rehabilitation of truth as the legitimate goal of scientific research.

Varieties of Scientific Realism Objectivity and Truth in Science 1st Table of contents:

1 Introduction: The Conceptual Knots of the Realism Debate
1 The Concept of Cognition
2 Representations
3 The Error
4 The Role of Reason
5 Receptivity
6 Transcendentalism
7 The Realm of Science
8 The Content of This Volume
Acknowledgements
References
2 The Debates on Scientific Realism Today: Knowledge and Objectivity in Science
Abstract
1 Knowledge, Objectivity, and the Earlier Debates on Scientific Realism
2 The Empirical Underdetermination of Theories
3 Explanation and Theoretical Virtues
4 The No Miracles Argument
4.1 Novel Predictions
4.2 Objections to the NMA
5 Indirect but Theory-Free Observation
6 The Historical Objections to Realism
7 Resisting the Historical Objections: The Discontinuity Strategy
8 Resisting the Historical Objections: The Selective Strategy
8.1 Referential Continuity and Entity Realism
8.2 Structural Realism
8.3 Deployment Realism
8.4 Semirealism
8.5 The Verisimilitude Research Program
8.6 The Restricted-Domain Approach
8.7 Local Realisms?
9 The Objectivity Question
9.1 Perspectival Realism
9.2 Agazzi and Dilworth
9.3 Giere
9.4 Some Latest Proposals
Acknowledgements
References
3 The Truth of Theories and Scientific Realism
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Modern Natural Science
3 Contemporary Science
4 Objectivity as a Replacement of Truth in Science
4.1 Objectivity as Intersubjectivity
4.2 Objectivity as Reference to Objects
5 A Deeper Notion of Scientific Object
6 Sense and Reference
7 The Referential Nature of Truth
8 The Regional Ontologies
9 Truth as Warrant for Existence
References
Realism and Antirealism
4 Strict Empiricism Versus Explanation in Science
Abstract
1 Explanations of Phenomena and Strict Empiricism
2 Three Historical Cases of Surrealism
3 Constructive Empiricism and Other Contemporary Surrealisms
4 Inference to the Best Explanation
5 The Miracle Argument
6 Is Any Theory Empirically Adequate?
7 Stanford’s Antirealist Explanation of the Success of Science
8 Laudan’s Historical Critique
9 Partial Truth Versus Verisimilitude
10 Novelty and Why Some Success Is not Surprising
References
5 Misdirection and Misconception in the Scientific Realism Debates
Abstract
1 Do Electrons Exist? that is not the Question
2 What is Scientific Realism?
3 Straw Men and Windmills
3.1 David Papineau’s Empiricist
3.2 Alan Musgrave’s Empiricist
4 Realists’ Retreat on Inference to the Best Explanation
5 How Should We Approach the Question What is Science?
5.1 Suppe on Credentialing
5.2 Weyl, Glymour, and Empirical Grounding
6 Conclusion
References
6 Selective Scientific Realism: Representation, Objectivity and Truth
Abstract
1 Representation
2 Objectivity
3 Truth
4 Scientific Realism
5 The Parallelism with Ordinary Experience
6 Causal Link and Causal Law
7 Conclusion
References
7 Robustness, Intersubjective Reproducibility, and Scientific Realism
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Two Senses of Robustness and Hacking’s Scientific Realism
3 Robustness and Hacking’s Scientific Realism
4 Robustness, Intersubjective Reproducibility, and Scientific Realism
5 The Independence Condition for Robustness and the Spiral Synergy of Robustness-as-Stability and Ro
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Cognitive Illusions and Nonrealism: Objections and Replies
Abstract
1 Are Strong Scientific Realists Tempted by Cognitive Illusions?
2 Objections to the Nonrealist—and Replies
Aknowledgment
References
9 Why Do Theories Fail? The Best Argument for Realism
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Facets of Realism
3 Arguments for Realism
4 Finally: The Best Argument for Realism
5 Extinction as an Argument for the Effectiveness of Natural Selection
References
10 The Epistemological Problem of the Objectivity of Knowledge
Abstract
1 Object and Objective
2 The Problem of Knowledge in the Western Tradition
3 Objective Knowledge According to Kantian Criticism
4 Can Objectivity Exist Without Objects?
5 Agazzi: Scientific Objectivity and Its Contexts
6 Logical Neo-realism and the Problem of Objectivity, Between Husserl and Socrates
References
Recent Conceptions of Scientific Realism
11 Scientific Realism and the Mind-Independence of the World
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Berkeley’s Idealism
3 Verificationist Anti-realism
3.1 A Note on Kant on Scientific Realism
3.2 Dummett’s Semantic Anti-realism
4 The Possibility of Divergence
5 Against Verificationist Scientific Realism
References
12 Structural Realism and the Toolbox of Metaphysics
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Exemplar-Driven Realism
3 Metaphysics as a Tool for the Realist
4 Symmetries, Structure and Determinables
5 Conclusion
References
13 Retention, Truth-Content and Selective Realism
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Content Minimalism
3 Selectivism Without Minimalism
4 A Naturalist Generalization
5 Confirmational Strategy 1
6 Two Additional Confirmational Strategies
7 Realism About What?
8 Concluding Remarks
References
14 A Scheme-Interpretationist and Actionistic Scientific Realism
Abstract
1 A Kaleidoscopic Relational Reality
2 “Grasping” in Perspectives and Interpretations
3 Indirect Realism as Resistance
4 “Grasping” Is Interpretation-Laden
5 Action, Interaction, and Deep Socio-Genic Impact
6 Resistances in Ropes and Nets but Without a Rigid Fix-Point
References
Scientific Realism in Particular Sciences
15 Semantic Definition of Truth, Empirical Theories and Scientific Realism
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 General Remarks on Theories, Truth and Scientific Realism
3 Semantic Definition of Truth
4 Semantic Theory of Truth as a Correspondence Theory
5 Semantic Definition of Truth and Empirical Theories
6 Semantic Models as Mediators
7 Semantic Models and Reality
8 Semantic of Empirical Theories via (SDTE) and Scientific Realism
References
16 Underdetermination, Realism and Objectivity in Quantum Mechanics
1 Introduction: Underdetermination and Empirical Equivalence
2 The Standard Arguments Against Empirical Equivalence
3 Quantum Mechanics, Instrumentalism and Empirical Equivalence
4 Realist Interpretations of Non-collapse Quantum Mechanics
5 Empirical Equivalence of Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
6 Comparison with the Arguments of Laudan and Leplin
7 Conclusion: Underdetermination in Quantum Mechanics
References
17 Is Uniqueness of Reality Predicted by the Quantum Laws?
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Notion of Local Entanglement
3 On the Environment of a Quantum System and an Associated Form of Incoherence
4 The Notion of Slip in Coherence
5 The Mechanism of Wave Function Collapse
6 Some Philosophical Comments
References
18 Theories and Models: Realism and Objectivity in Cognitive Science
Abstract
1 Scientific Realism, Theories and Models
2 Theories and Models in Sciences
2.1 Theories
2.2 Models in Science
3 Theories and Models in Cognitive Science
4 Three Classes of Models
4.1 Formal Models in Cognitive Science
4.2 Physical Models in Cognitive Science
4.3 Conceptual Models in Cognitive Science
5 Conclusion
References
19 Realism as the Methodological Strategy in the Cognitive Science
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Consciousness as the Only Certainty?
2 The Psychological Justification of Anti-realism
3 Other Unusual Problems Arosen in Scientific Psychology
4 Cognition and Action
5 Illusion and Reality
6 Reality and Artificial World
References
20 Causation and Scientific Realism: Mechanisms and Powers without Essentialism
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Causality: Mechanisms Versus Laws
3 Mechanisms
4 Properties
5 Powers
6 Natural Kinds Without Essentialism
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
21 Objectivity in Mathematics: The Structuralist Roots of a Pragmatic Realism
Abstract
1 From Objects to Structures
2 Bourbaki’s Hypothetico-Deductive Structuralism
3 Some Difficulties of Contemporary Structuralism
4 Poincaré Reconsidered: Structures as “Mixed-Universals”
5 Conclusion
References

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