Why We Live in Hierarchies A Quantitative Treatise 1st Edition by Anna Zafeiris, Tamás Vicsek 3319704814 9783319704814

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ISBN-10 :  3319704814 

ISBN-13 :  9783319704814

Author:  Anna Zafeiris, Tamás Vicsek 

This book systematically interprets and documents new, unifying principles and basic laws describing the most relevant aspects of hierarchy. To do so, it discusses recent experiments and models that are simple and realistic enough to reproduce the observations, and develops concepts for a better understanding of the complexity of systems consisting of many organisms. The book covers systems ranging from flocks of birds to groups of people.   Although it focuses on hierarchical collective behavior in general, two aspects pop up in the majority of cases: collective motion and dynamically changing, partially directed networks (and the natural relation between the two). In addition, it offers a brief description of the most relevant definitions and concepts involved in the context of hierarchies, presenting both a review of the current literature and a number of new experimental and computational results in more detail. It is a valuable resource for students and scholars pursuing research on the structure of interactions within the collectives of animals and humans.

Why We Live in Hierarchies?: A Quantitative Treatise 1st Table of contents:

1 Introduction
1.1 General Considerations
1.1.1 Organisms Versus Agents, Entities or “Particles”
1.1.2 Collective Behaviour
1.1.3 Collective Motion
1.1.4 Networks
1.2 Motivation
1.2.1 What is Our Subject?
1.2.2 Why Do We Study?
1.2.3 How Do We Study?
1.3 Hierarchical Structures in Space and in Networks
References
2 Definitions and Basic Concepts
2.1 Describing Hierarchical Structures
2.1.1 Graphs and Networks
2.1.1.1 Centralities and Complexity Measures of Networks
2.1.2 Measuring the Level of Hierarchy
2.1.2.1 Global Reaching Centrality
2.1.2.2 Random Walk Measure
2.1.2.3 A Measure for Undirected Networks
2.1.2.4 Determining the Levels of Organizations
2.1.2.5 Concept for Containment Hierarchies
2.1.2.6 Layout-Motivated Measure
2.1.2.7 Measures for Structures “From Down to Top”
2.1.2.8 Fraction of Edges Participating in Cycles
2.1.2.9 Minimum Fraction of Edges to be Removed to Make the Graph Cycle-Free
2.1.2.10 Fraction of Hierarchy-Violating Edges
2.1.2.11 Average Expected Downstream Path Length
2.1.3 Classification of Hierarchical Networks
2.2 Visualization Techniques
2.2.1 A General Overview
2.2.2 Techniques Reflecting the Overall Hierarchy Level
References
3 Observations and Measurements
3.1 Animal Groups
3.1.1 Dominance
3.1.1.1 Measuring Dominance
3.1.2 Leadership in Motion
3.1.3 Leadership Versus Dominance
3.1.4 Collective Decision-Making
3.1.4.1 Order hierarchy for Making Optimal Decisions
3.1.4.2 Continuous Versus Bimodal Competence Distributions
3.2 Hierarchy in Humans
3.2.1 Our Biological and Social Heritage
3.2.2 Large-Scale Hierarchies in Societies
3.2.3 Nested Hierarchy Structure of Human Societies
3.2.4 Phenomenological Theory of Collective Decision-Making
References
4 Experiments on the Emergence and Function
4.1 The Liskaland Camp Experiment
4.1.1 The Liska Model of Economy
4.1.2 The Experiment
4.1.3 Results
4.2 Picturask
4.2.1 The “Game”
4.2.2 Methods
4.2.3 Results
References
5 Modelling Emergence and Control
5.1 Emergence of Hierarchy in Model Systems
5.2 The Complex Efficiency Landscape of Hierarchical Organizations
5.2.1 Modelling Organizations
5.2.2 Simulations and Results
5.3 Controlling Hierarchical Networks
5.3.1 Structural Controllability—Controlling Nodes
5.3.2 Switchboard Dynamics—Controlling Edges
References
6 Conclusions
6.1 General Features of Hierarchical Structures
6.2 Origins of Flow Hierarchy
6.3 Emergence of Hierarchy
7 Erratum to: Why We Live in Hierarchies?

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Tags: Hierarchies, Quantitative Treatise, Anna Zafeiris, Tamás Vicsek